Nr C 365 July 2019 Environmentally differentiated port dues Final report Styhre, L. (IVL), von Bahr, J. (IVL), Bergqvist R. (GU), Bäckström, S. (IVL), Gonzalez-Aregall, M. (GU), Hult C. (IVL), Jivén, K. (IVL), Karlsson, R. (VTI), Malmberg, L-G. (GU), Parsmo R. (IVL), Rendahl P. (GU), Romson, Å. (IVL), Sallander A-S. (GU), Sköld, S. (IVL), Sterner, T. (GU), Vierth, I. (VTI), Winnes, H. (IVL) In cooperation with: Gothenburg University (GU), Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Port of Gothenburg, Ports of Stockholm, Port of Trelleborg Authors: Styhre, L. (IVL), von Bahr, J. (IVL), Bergqvist R. (GU), Bäckström, S. (IVL), Gonzalez-Aregall, M. (GU), Hult C. (IVL), Jivén, K. (IVL), Karlsson, R. (VTI), Malmberg, L-G. (GU), Parsmo R. (IVL), Rendahl P. (GU), Romson, Å. (IVL), Sallander A-S. (GU), Sköld, S. (IVL), Sterner, T. (GU), Vierth, I. (VTI), Winnes, H. (IVL) Funded by: Vinnova Photo: Pixabay Report number: C 365 ISBN: 978-91-7883-125-8 Edition Only available as PDF for individual printing © IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute 2019 IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd. P.O Box 210 60, S-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden Phone +46-(0)10-7886500 // www.ivl.se This report has been reviewed and approved in accordance with IVL's audited and approved management system. Table of contents Executive summary ................................................................................................................ 5 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................................ 9 1.2 Outline and contribution ................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.1 Organisation ............................................................................................................................ 10 1.2.2 Meetings ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.2.3 Work packages and project outline ........................................................................................ 11 1.2.4 Authors ................................................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Dissemination of project results ..................................................................................................... 13 1.3.1 Peer-review articles ................................................................................................................ 13 1.3.2 Book chapters ......................................................................................................................... 14 1.3.3 Reports .................................................................................................................................... 14 1.3.4 Conferences and meetings ..................................................................................................... 15 1.3.5 Others ..................................................................................................................................... 15 2. Mapping of environmentally differentiated dues and incentives ................................ 17 2.1 Inland transport ............................................................................................................................... 17 2.1.1 Context .................................................................................................................................... 17 2.1.2 Methodology and result ......................................................................................................... 17 2.1.3 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 24 2.2 Sea transport ................................................................................................................................... 25 2.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 25 2.2.2 Methodology........................................................................................................................... 25 2.2.3 Inventory, selection and presentation of indices ................................................................... 26 2.2.4 Evaluation of selected incentives in workshop with the reference group.............................. 32 2.2.5 Inventory of used indices and indicators in Swedish ports ..................................................... 34 3. Environmental and energy analysis of road and sea transport.................................... 36 3.1 Environmental analysis of incentives for inland transport .............................................................. 36 3.1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 36 3.1.2 Choice of ports ........................................................................................................................ 37 3.1.3 Ports of Stockholm – present road traffic ............................................................................... 37 3.1.4 Port of Gothenburg ................................................................................................................. 41 3.1.5 Possible regulation structures ................................................................................................ 48 3.1.6 Summary and discussion......................................................................................................... 52 3.2 Environmental analysis of incentives for sea transport .................................................................. 54 st 3.2.1 1 step: Selection of incentive schemes ................................................................................. 54 nd 3.2.2 2 step: Expert elicitation exercise ........................................................................................ 56 rd 3.2.3 3 step: Emission calculations ................................................................................................ 61 3.2.4 Concluding remarks ................................................................................................................ 64 3.3 Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis – sea transport ....................................................................... 65 3.3.1 Environmentally differentiated port dues to reduce NOX emissions ...................................... 65 3.3.2 Discount on the port due for ships that slow down in the fairway channel ........................... 67 3.3.3 Concluding remarks ................................................................................................................ 69 3.4 Summary of feedback from the reference group ............................................................................ 70 3.4.1 Introduction to the interviews and methodological considerations ...................................... 70 3.4.2 Feedback from the reference group ....................................................................................... 70 3.4.3 Conclusions from the interviews ............................................................................................ 73 4. Impacts of different national infrastructure fees and taxes ........................................ 74 4.1 Impacts of Sweden’s environmentally differentiated fairway dues ................................................ 74 4.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 74 4.1.2 Impact on SOX emissions ......................................................................................................... 76 4.1.3 Impact on NOX Emissions ........................................................................................................ 78 4.1.4 Costs versus benefits for society............................................................................................. 83 4.2 Impact of different taxes and fees on choice of ports and transport chains .................................. 84 4.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 84 4.2.2 Methodology........................................................................................................................... 85 4.2.3 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 87 4.2.4 Implications ............................................................................................................................. 91 5. Systematization and classification of port fees and its compatibility with national, regional and international regulations .......................................................... 93 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 93 5.1.1 Work package 3: A study in three steps ................................................................................. 93 5.1.2 Methodological comments ....................................................................................................