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May 1846 October 1843 The 1835 The missionary United The Texas Marcus Whitman States January 1848 April 1860 Revolution leads a large wagon declares Gold is discovered Pony Express breaks out at train along the war on at Sutter's Mill in mail service Gonzales. Oregon Trail. Mexico. northern California. begins. 1836 1842 1848 1854 1860 1842 February 1848 1854 1857 Great Britain Mexico signs the Commodore Perry and The first transatlantic annexes Treaty of Guadalupe Japanese officials sign communications cable, Hong Kong. Hidalgo, ceding an agreement opening linking Great Britain California and much Japan to U.S. trade. and the United States, of the Southwest to begins operation. the United States. 295 SECTION 1 Manifest Destiny BEFORE YOU READ TAKING As you read, NOTES take notes MAIN IDEA READING FOCUS KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE identifying the effects of Americans in large 1. Why did Americans head west? manifest destiny vast numbers of Ameri- cans migrating to the numbers followed 2. What were the major western entrepreneur West. Record your notes trails to the West trails? Santa Fe Trail in the 1840s and Oregon Trail in a graphic organizer like 3. How did the gold rush affect 1850s. Mormon Trail the one shown here. California? James K. Polk 4. What were some major effects of Westward Effects gold rush migration westward migration? California Trail Butterfield Trail Pony Express A Day on the Trail A westward-bound family poses with their prairie schooners. THE INSIDE How can we cross the river with “We were quickly wakened this morning by the sing- STORY everything we own? Oregon ing of the Indians. Our men all went to work with the three Territory was the goal of many pioneer other companies [of wagons] building a bridge. It was families. Some single women made the trip, usually travel- completed by afternoon when we crossed. It is a matter of ing with a family. surprise that over 500 head of cattle & fifty wagons should Harriet Buckingham, who was just 19, kept a diary cross without accident. The Waggons were all drawn over of her trip to Oregon in 1851. Buckingham was a good by hand & the cattle & horses swam . We encamped a mile observer, describing the landscape and the Native Ameri- from the creek. The Evening was delightful, the moon shone can peoples she met. The wagon train included seven so clearly but before morning, it clouded up and one of the wagons and a carriage, along with oxen, cows, horses, and most terrifine [terrifying] storms I ever witnessed . The mules. They carried tents, cookstoves, and a coop full of rain fell in torrents. The lightning was most vivid. We were chickens. On May 13, 1851, they reached the Platte River. obliged to move as soon as possible for fear of being over- One challenge was to get across the river. Another was the flown . we traveled on some 3 miles in water up to the weather. axletrees.” 296 CHAPTER 9 Americans Head West MIGRANTS ON THE OREGON TRAIL, 1840–1859 Just like Harriet Buckingham, hundreds of 70 thousands of Americans migrated west in the 1840s and 1850s. They went for many different 60 reasons, and they settled in many different 50 places. Yet they all shared the dream of new opportunities and a better life. 40 “Multiplying millions” By 1840 the Amer- 30 (in thousands) 1840 ican population had grown to about six times 20 13 what it had been during the American Revolu- Number of migrants 1841 58 tion. The country’s area had expanded to about 10 1842 125 twice its original size. It seemed inconceivable 0 to most Americans that the growth and expan- 1843 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 sion they had always known would stop. Year In fact, many Americans of the time believed *Includes only migrants who completed journey to Oregon, California, or Utah in manifest destiny, the idea that the nation Skills Source: The Oreg on Trail, Yesterday and Today had a God-given right to all of North America. FOCUS INTERPRETING GRAPHS The term was first used by newspaper editor 1. What were the destinations of the migrants in this graph? John L. O’Sullivan. In 1845 he wrote that “our manifest destiny [is to] overspread the conti- 2. When did migration reach its peak? How many migrants reached their destination that year? nent allotted by Providence [God’s power] for the free development of our yearly multiplying See Skills Handbook, p. H16 millions.” Most Americans gave little thought to how manifest destiny would affect peoples already living in regions to be added to the United States. Major Western Trails Reasons for westward migration Many Americans who migrated west had the adven- Americans who headed west in the early and ture of their lives. But for some, the trip cost mid-1800s believed in manifest destiny. But them their lives. they also had more personal reasons. Moun- No train tracks or smooth highways led from tain men, who went west to trap and trade, the East to the far West in the 1840s and 1850s. were among the earliest migrants. They were Migrants reached the West by riding in wagons followed by missionaries, who hoped to convert pulled by oxen or horses, or by walking. Some Native Americans to Christianity. Lumber- migrants actually walked hundreds of miles to jacks and miners headed west to capitalize on reach their new homes. They took one of several the region’s natural resources. routes that were well established by 1850. Most pioneers in the 1840s and 1850s were farmers. They moved west to farm the vast, rich The Santa Fe Trail The first major west- land of which earlier migrants spoke. Many of ern trail was the Santa Fe Trail, which led from them were relatively poor. They had little to Independence, Missouri, to the town of Santa lose by leaving their homes and had a chance Fe, the capital of Spanish New Mexico. The to gain a great deal by moving west. The farm- Santa Fe Trail began as a commercial route, ers were followed by entrepreneurs, people will- or trade route. News of the wealth of Santa Fe ing to invest their money in the hope of making motivated Americans to open trade with the a profit. Shopkeepers, carpenters, and other people there. businesspeople knew that if they were among In 1821 a veteran of the War of 1812 named the first to practice their trade in a new settle- William Becknell led a small band of traders ment, they had a greater chance for success. out of Arrow Rock, Missouri, bound for Santa Fe. It took them two months to complete the READING CHECK Summarizing What types difficult, 800-mile journey, but they made it of people headed west, and for what reasons? and sold their goods for a huge profit. EXPANSION LEADS TO CONFLICT 297 Other traders followed Becknell’s route. Migrants first used the trail in the 1840s. They carried cloth, books, hardware and other It was in 1843 that the Oregon Trail became goods to Santa Fe and returned with Mexican established as a major trail west. In that year silver coins, wool, animals, and other items Dr. Marcus Whitman, who had established a that fetched high prices in the eastern United mission in what was called Oregon Country, States. In the 1820s and 1830s, about 150 trad- led a huge party of migrants west. The party ers traveled the trail each year. By the 1840s, consisted of hundreds of people. Thereafter for ACADEMIC the trading route also began to serve as a route decades, each spring large groups of migrants VOCABULARY for migrants heading west. started across the trail in an annual cycle. cycle a series of Danger stalked migrants on their six-month events that repeats The Oregon Trail The longest and most journey to Oregon. Treacherous geography and regularly famous trail used by the migrants was the harsh weather, conflict with Native Americans, Oregon Trail. The 2,000-mile trail stretched and disease took the lives of some 20,000 from Independence, Missouri, to the rich farm- travelers by 1859. But tens of thousands more ing lands of the Willamette Valley in what is pioneers survived. Congress organized Oregon now the state of Oregon. Territory in 1848. In 1859 Oregon became the Native Americans had for centuries used 33rd state. parts of what would become the Oregon Trail. Lewis and Clark also followed part of the route The Mormon Trail In 1830 Joseph Smith on their historic journey to the West from 1804 founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- to 1806. Many fur traders and mountain men day Saints in New York. Its members were also knew of the route and used it when travel- called Mormons. In five years, Mormon mis- ing to and from the West. sionaries had attracted some 8,000 followers. AMERICAN TRAILS WEST $"/"%" 'PSU $PMVNCJB 3JWFS 7BODPVWFS 4OBLF JTTPVSJ3JWFS 3 .