Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:58 12 August 2016 Counseling Techniques The third edition of Counseling Techniques: Improving Relationships with Others, Ourselves, Our Families and Our Environment enhances the author’s previous efforts to provide a comprehensive overview of counseling techniques in a manner that makes these theories accessible to students pursuing mental health professions, counselor educators, and seasoned practitioners alike. New to this edition is a chapter on play therapy and a host of other updates that illustrate ways to use different techniques in different situations with different populations. Counseling Techniques stresses the need to recognize and treat the client within the context of culture, ethnicity, interpersonal resources, and systemic support, and it shows the reader how to meet these needs using more than 500 treatment techniques, each of which is accompanied by step- by-step procedures and evaluation methods. Rosemary A. Thompson, EdD, LPC, NCC, NCSC has over 25 years of experience in public schools as a school counselor and administrator working with children, adolescents, and families. She taught concurrently in the department of counseling and human services at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, and was an associate professor in the school of psychology and counseling at Regent University in Virginia Beach, Virginia. She is currently in private practice with Phoenix Mental Health Services, LLC, in Virginia Beach. Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:58 12 August 2016 Page Intentionally Left Blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:58 12 August 2016 Counseling Techniques Improving Relationships with Others, Ourselves, Our Families, and Our Environment Third Edition Rosemary A. Thompson Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:58 12 August 2016 Third edition published 2016 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 Rosemary A. Thompson The right of Rosemary A. Thompson to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Note from the author: Congress enacted the No Electronic Theft (NET) Act in 1997 to facilitate prosecution of copyright violation on the Internet. The NET Act makes it a federal crime to reproduce, distribute, or share copies of electronic copyrighted works such as songs, movies, games, or software programs, even if the person copying or distributing the material acts without commercial purpose and/or receives no private financial gain. Electronic copyright infringement carries a maximum penalty of three years in prison and a $250,000 fine. The NET Act is applicable in situations such as running a file sharing application with outgoing transfers enabled, hosting files on a web account, transferring files through IRC, and other methods of making copyrighted material available over networks. First edition published by Accelerated Development, A Member of the Taylor and Francis Group 1101 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Suite 200 Washington, D.C. 20005–3521 Second edition published by Routledge 2003 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Thompson, Rosemary Counseling techniques : improving relationships with others, ourselves, our families, and our environment / Rosemary Thompson. — 3rd ed. pages cm Revised edition of the author’s Counseling techniques, 2003. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Psychotherapy. 2. Counseling. I. Title. RC480.T449 2015 616.89'14—dc23 2015008345 Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:58 12 August 2016 ISBN: 978-0-415-70492-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-70493-9 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-88611-4 (ebk) Typeset in Galliard by Apex CoVantage, LLC This book is dedicated to my husband, Charlie, who at 17 began to nurture, strengthen, and support all our most rewarding relationships as a couple. Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:58 12 August 2016 Page Intentionally Left Blank Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:58 12 August 2016 Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii 1 Professionalism in Counseling and Psychotherapy 1 2 Client–Therapist Relationships: Counseling Intentions, Interventions, and Therapeutic Factors 9 3 Eclectic Techniques for Group Therapy 17 4 Classic Gestalt Techniques 46 5 Therapeutic Expressive Techniques: Art Therapy, Dance/Movement Therapy, Phototherapy, Drama Therapy, and Music Therapy 63 6 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Solution-Focused Counseling 76 7 Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy and Reality Therapy 109 8 Classic Behavioral Techniques 130 9 Person-Centered Techniques and Psychoeducational Counseling Approaches 154 Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:58 12 August 2016 10 Improving Relationships with Our Environments: Conflict Resolution and Stress Management Techniques 184 11 Trauma, Loss, Grief, and Post-Traumatic Stress Debriefing Strategies 229 viii Contents 12 Psychodynamic Techniques 250 13 Eclectic Techniques for Use with Family Systems and Family Development 263 14 Play Therapy Techniques for Children and Adolescents 290 References 325 Bibliography 339 Index 345 Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:58 12 August 2016 Preface As counseling and psychotherapy evolved, a kaleidoscope of helping initiatives emerged to meet the needs of the human condition. Each given time period had its clashes of prominent theorists and ideologies. In the 1940s, Freud and psychoanalytic theory was perhaps the initial major influence on all other formal systems of counseling and psychotherapy. Many other perspectives evolved as an extension of or rebellion against psychoanalytical principles, such as the ego psy- chologists or neo-Freudians of the 1950s and the convincing ideas of Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, Harry Stack Sullivan, Erick Erickson, and Wilhelm Reich, who felt that interpersonal aspects have a more significant influence on the development of the individual. Existential therapy evolved as the third force in psychotherapy as an alternative to psychoanalysis and behavioral approaches, with the person-centered approach developed by Carl Rogers and the Gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls. Essentially, the 1960s was touted as the decade of person-centered therapy, with the empha- sis on feelings, and the importance of relationships, and focus on the congruency between the ideal and the real self. The 1970s was the decade of behaviorism and behavior therapy, focusing on measurable and observational data to monitor client growth and change. The 1980s emerged as the decade of cognition and cognitive therapy, focusing on the client’s ability to change per- ceptions, attitudes, and thinking regarding the human condition. The 1990s rapidly emerged as what some have termed the age of dysfunction and the decade of eclecticism. As we enter the 21st century, counseling and psychotherapy will have to sustain their worth in response to the constraints of managed care. Solution-focused and brief therapy models will prevail as a means to meet the needs of the growing diversity of clients. There is also a movement toward theoretical integration of all theories. Today, because of managed health care, the theories and counseling perspectives that are most frequently used are cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, and solution-focused therapy. The popularity of these more contemporary approaches has evolved because of the need to be able to deliver and disseminate evidence-based treatment protocols. Finally, online counseling, a fairly new method for providing therapy, has introduced a Downloaded by [New York University] at 04:58 12 August 2016 variety of modalities, including cyber therapy, cyber counseling, e-therapy, and distance therapy. This will probably generate considerable debate and controversy within the next decade in terms of creditability, confidentiality, and legal and ethical issues. In this third edition, the reader will find a more enriched and inclusive book that expands and strengthens the therapeutic process. According the American Psychological Association (APA), 75% of the people who engage in psychotherapy were more content then nontreated people who had congruent disorders. In addition, the type of therapy did not seem to be as significant as the rela- tionship between the therapist and the client being treated (APA, 1994). Collectively, each chapter has been updated and strengthened with additional counseling techniques and strategies. For example, Chapter 10 introduces the psychoeducational life skill instructional model to enhance social, emotional, and cognitive skills to maximize human potential. An emphasis on “ownwork” (i.e., homework assignments) as a follow-through to group work is also outlined. Chapter 12 is a x Preface new chapter that recognizes outcomes studies of psychodynamic techniques. Chapter 13, “Eclectic Techniques for Use with