Tensions of Development and Negotiations of Identity at the Periphery of France: Guyane Française since 1946 A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2015 Sarah L. Wood School of Arts, Languages and Cultures 2 Table of contents Page 2 ………………………………… Contents 4 ………………………………… List of figures 5 ………………………………… List of abbreviations 7 ………………………………… List of special terms 8 ………………………………… Abstract 9 ………………………………… Declaration & Copyright Statement 10 ………………………………… Acknowledgements 12 Introduction: from ‘tensions of empire’ to tensions of development 17 …… Chapter outline and sources 23 Chapter 1: Geographies of the periphery 30 ……The imagined frontiers of empire 39 …… Literary and medical tropes of decay: Guyane as Third-Republic ‘underworld’ 48 …… Filling in the blanks: exploration and the cartographic imperative after 1946 58 …… Conclusion: Problematic modernity: a technocratic takeover in the DOM? 61 Chapter 2: Guyane in a French ‘Black Atlantic’, 1946-1962 67 …… Triumph of civilisation or unsanctioned disorder? Malraux’s Gaullist mission, 1958 71 …… Reclaiming Félix Éboué 80 …… ‘De la France équinoxiale au Palais de Luxembourg’: the one-way trajectory of Gaston Monnerville 82 …… Monnerville’s departmentalisation: the realisation of ‘attachment’ to France 85 …… Press and politics in Guyane between Fourth and Fifth Republics 86 …… Political debate post-1958: the UPG’s forlorn hopes of Négritude 90 …… Justin Catayée and the death of dissent 94 …… Conclusion: The French ‘Black Atlantic’ and the politics of commemoration 98 Chapter 3: The Plan Vert of 1975 and the reconfiguration of ‘development’ in Guyane 101 …… Harmonising population, place and production: the rationale of the Plan global de développement de la Guyane 112 …… National economic priorities, localised management 114 …… Guyane and the political establishment in the Fifth Republic: differences of perspective 122 …… The Plan Vert as foreign policy 125 …… ‘Green’ modernity: from Plan Vert to ‘sustainable development’ 132 …… Conclusion: ‘Green’ governmentality 136 Chapter Four: Geopolitical orientations: French responses to conflict at the border, 1986-1992 139 …… The ‘Refugee problem’ and ethnic politics at the border 149 …… Conclusion: The transnational consequences of an ‘Interior War’ 151 Chapter Five: Negotiating identities: indigeneity, ‘sustainable development’ and ecological citizenship 154 …… From colony to province: Representing the industrial past, present and future of the DOM in the Ecomusée 3 159 …… From industry to ecology: drivers of decay and preservation at Guyane’s ‘sites of memory’ 162 …… Negotiating indigeneity: the Kalawachi Amerindian cultural centre 163 ………………………………… i) Historicising the ‘Amerindian question’ 168 ………………………………… ii) Framing French ‘indianité’ 171 ………………………………… iii) French museology and the politics of culture 173 ………………………………… iv) Knowledge, power and indigeneity 174 …… Conclusion: Ecosystemic interventions, governance and citizenship 178 Conclusion: ‘La France, c’est aussi la Guyane’ 184 …… Appendix …… i) Deputies for Guyane in the National Assembly, 1932-2015 …… ii) Council of the Republic Members / Senators for Guyane, 1946-2015 185 …… iii) Governors / Prefects of Guyane, 1939-2015 186 …… iv) Mayors of Cayenne, 1935-2015 …… v) Ministries, Ministers and Secretaries for Overseas France, 1946-2015 189 …… vi) Air transport links to and from Cayenne, 1939-2001 190 Bibliography …… Archive sources 192 …… Films 193 …… Oral history interviews 194 …… Memoir and autobiography …… Personal communications …… Fiction and literary works 195 …… Grey literature …… Newspapers …… Periodicals 196 …… Websites 200 …… Conference papers 201 …… Postgraduate theses …… Published sources pre-1945 202 …… Published sources post-1945 Final Word Count: 79,279 4 List of figures Page 31 Figure 1: Alexandre Vuillemin, La France et ses Colonies (Paris, c. 1858). 32 Figure 2: Illustration to an article by Vidal de la Blache in the Annales de Géographie . 33 Figure 3: Map of the Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque. 35 Figure 4: Henri Coudreau’s 1891 map of Guyane. 36 Figure 5: Location of the Kong Mountains. 38 Figure 6: Walter Raleigh’s map of Guiana, c.1599. 43 Figure 7: Dreyfus on the cover of Le Petit Journal (27 Sep 1896). 44 Figures 8 & 9: stills from Georges Méliès, (dir.), L’affaire Dreyfus: Mise aux fers de Dreyfus and L’Île du Diable (1899). 50 Figure 10: André Cognat in 1979. 50 Figure 11: Jean Hurault, filmed in the 1990s. 50 Figure 12: Raymond Maufrais (c.late 1940s). 76 Figure 13: Félix Éboué’s statue in the Place des Palmistes, Cayenne. 77 Figure 14: Detail of Éboué monument. 78 Figure 15: Monument forming part of more recent commemorations built into Félix Éboué airport, Matoury. 155 Figure 16: The Ecomusée Municipal de l’Approuague-Kaw. 155 Figure 17: Displays dowanstairs in the Ecomusée. 156 Figure 18: Map of permits, ‘protected’ areas and mining projects near Régina. 158 Figure 19: Upstairs displays in the Ecomusée. 160 Figure 20: Plantation machinery near Régina. 170 Figure 21: Visitors’ carbets, Kalawachi. 171 Figure 22: Inside the ‘ecomusée’ carbet, Kalawachi. 173 Figure 23: Information board in the Kalawachi 'ecomusée' carbet . 5 List of Abbreviations AAGF Association des Amérindiens de la Guyane française AALGD Association des Amis de Léon-Gontran Damas AEF Afrique Équatoriale Française AMI Aide Médicale Internationale AOF Afrique Orientale Française ARC Alliance Révolutionnaire Caraïbe BAFOG Bureau Agricole et Forestier Guyanais BIPIG Bureau Intéressant les Personnes Immigrées en Guyane BPDA Bureau pour le Développement Agricole BUMIDOM Bureau de Migrations Intéressant les Départements d’Outre-Mer CARICOM Caribbean Community CARIFTA Caribbean Free Trade Association CCPABG Conseil consultatif des populations amérindiennes et bushinengé de Guyane CENADDOM Centre National de Documentation des Départements d'Outre-Mer CIME Comité Intergouvernemental pour les Migrations Européennes CNEFV Comité National d’Entreaide Franco-Vietnamien, Franco-Cambodgien et Franco-Laotien CNES Centre National d'Études Spatiales CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique COM Collectivité d’Outre-Mer CSG Centre Spatial Guyanais DOM Département d’Outre-Mer EDF Électricité de France EEC European Economic Community ESA European Space Agency FIDES Fonds d’Investissements pour le Développement Économique et Social IACHR Inter-American Court of Human Rights IFAN Institut Français de l’Afrique Noire IGN Institut de Géographie National ILO International Labour Organisation IMF International Monetary Fund INSEE Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques IRD Institut de Recherche pour le Développement MOGUYDE Mouvement Guyanais de Décolonisation MQB Musée du Quai Branly MRP Mouvement Républicain Populaire MSF Médecins Sans Frontières NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NPK Nationale Partij Kombinatie (Surinam National Party Alliance) OAS Organisation de l’Armée Secrète ONF Office National des Forêts ORSTOM Office de Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-mer ORTF Office National de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française PPDS Personnes provisoirement déplacées du Suriname PRG Parti Radical de Gauche PSG Parti Socialiste Guyanais RMI Revenue Minimum d’Insertion RN Route Nationale 6 ROM Région d’Outre-Mer RPF Rassemblement du Peuple Français SATEC Société d'Assistance Technique et de Crédit social SEPANGUY Society for the Study and Protection of Nature in Guyane SFIO Section Française de l’Internationale Ouvrière SIGUY Société Immobilière Guyanaise SIMKO Société Immobilière de Kourou SMIC Salaire Minimum de Croissance SOFRIGU Société Frigorifique Guyane TAAF Terres Australes et Antarctique Françaises TOM Territoire d’Outre-Mer UDR Union pour la Défense de la République (Gaullist political party after May ‘68) UDR Union des Démocrates pour la République (Gaullist movement 1967- 76) UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UPG Union du Peuple Guyanais USAID United States Agency for International Development UTG Union des Travailleurs Guyanais WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature 7 List of special terms Guyane The territory known in French as Guyane française, in English as French Guiana, and in Guyanais Créole (Kreyol Lagwiyann) as Lagwiyann. It is distinct from the predominantly Anglophone Republic of Guyana (formerly British Guiana). Guyanais Inhabitants of Guyane, usually but not always of French nationality. Guiana Refers to the region as a whole (usually pre-conquest) stretching roughly from present-day Venezuela to the the Amazon river. This region post-conquest is referred to as ‘the Guianas’. ‘Metropolitan’ France or the ‘métropole’ Refers to the French territorial entity in Europe, also referred to as the ‘Hexagon’. Inverted commas acknowledge the colonial origins of the distinction. ‘Metropolitan’ or métropolitain is also used as an adjective to describe French people who come from the ‘Hexagon’ rather than from one of the overseas departments or territories. Its use is contested (notably by one Breton interviewed, who did not consider Brittany to be part of the métropole ). Maroons Descendants of escaped slaves, mostly from plantations in Suriname, who formed communities from the sixteenth century and later established treaties with Dutch and French colonial powers to assign their own, independently-governed territory. Also known in Guyane as ‘bushinengé’ and ‘Noirs marrons’, they formed six communities: Aluku (also known as Boni), Ndjuka, Saramaka, Kwinti, Paramaka