MICHELIN® TRUCK TIRE SERVICE MANUAL Www.michelintruck.com Introduction Read this manual carefully — it is important for the SAFE operation and servicing of your tires. Michelin is dedicated and committed to the promotion of Safe Practices in the care and handling of all tires. This manual is in full compliance with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standard 1910.177 relative to the handling of single and multi-piece wheels. The purpose of this manual is to provide the MICHELIN® Truck Tire customer with useful information to help obtain maximum performance at minimum cost per mile. MICHELIN® radial tires are a significant investment and should be managed properly. This manual is a collection of best practices that will assist fleets to increase their tire knowledge. The manual covers the full life cycle of the tire: selection, vehicle characteristics that affect performance, maintenance, and tire life extension through repair and retreading. For complete tire specifications, refer to the MICHELIN® Truck Tire Data Book, contact your local MICHELIN® Representative, or refer to the MICHELIN® website: www.michelintruck.com. MICHELIN® tires and tubes are subject to a continuous development program. Michelin North America, Inc. reserves the right to change product specifications at any time without notice or obligation. Please consult wheel manufacturer’s load and inflation limits. Never exceed wheel manufacturer’s limits without their authorization. This is the safety alert symbol. It is used to alert you to potential personal injury hazards. Obey all safety messages that follow this symbol to avoid possible injury or death. WARNING indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. NOTICE is used to address practices not related to personal injury. i Table of Contents Section One TUBELESS TIRE MOUNTING/DEMOUNTING ........................... 34-42 Mounting Tubeless Tire Selection .................................................................. 1-14 19.5” Aluminum Wheels WHICH MICHELIN® TIRE? ................................................................. 2 19.5” Steel Wheels PROPER NAMING AND SEGMENTATION ....................................... 3 Special Tools / Mounting MICHELIN® X One® Tires PROPER APPLICATION ..................................................................... 3 Inflation of Tubeless Tires TRUCK TIRE APPLICATION ........................................................... 4-5 Demounting of Tubeless Tires DETERMINING MICHELIN® TIRE SIZE............................................ 6-7 MISMOUNT ............................................................................... 43-44 TREAD DESIGN ................................................................................ 8 Three Easy Steps to Help Minimize Mismounted Tires DEFINITIONS ............................................................................... 9-12 MOUNTING THE ASSEMBLY ON THE VEHICLE ...................... 45-48 DOT Sidewall Markings Dual Spacing Loads Per Axle and Inflation Pressures Technical Considerations for Fitting Tires Wheels Measuring Tires in Dual Assembly Maximum Speed Restrictions Tire Mixing Static And Low Speed Load and Pressure Coefficients Runout TRA (The Tire and Rim Association, Inc.) Standards Technical Specifications for MICHELIN® 455/55R22.5 LRM Section Four on 13.00x22.5 Wheels Steer Axle, First Life Only TRUCK TYPE BY WEIGHT CLASS ............................................. 13-14 Extending Tire Life ................................................... 49-80 MAINTAINING THE TIRE ........................................................... 50-58 Section Two Inflation Pressure .................................................................. 50 - Underinflation ..................................................... 15-26 Selecting a Wheel - Overinflation WHEEL SYSTEMS ...................................................................... 16-21 - Proper Inflation Steel vs Aluminum - How to Properly Measure Pressure Special Considerations for Aluminum Wheels - Temperature/Pressure Relationship Graph Special Fasteners - Nitrogen Wheel Type Footprint Comparisons to Dual Tire Fitments – Hub Piloted Wheels Sealants - Foreign Matter in Tires – Stud Piloted Wheels Tire Inspection – Cast Spoke Wheels Automated Tire Inflation System (ATIS) or Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) Torque Drive Carefully Disc Wheel Installation Procedure – Recommended Tread Depth Measurements Mounting Torque for Disc Wheel Wear Bars SELECTING A WHEEL ..................................................................... 22 Do Not Overload Outset/Inset Drive at Proper Speeds ® ® Use of Outset Wheel with MICHELIN X One Tires Balance and Runout Drop Center CARE, CLEANING, AND STORAGE .......................................... 59-62 VALVE SYSTEMS ...................................................................... 23-25 Storage Loose and Leaky Valve Stems Stacking of MICHELIN® X One® Tires Proper Fasteners for MICHELIN® X One® Tires Flood Damage on Stud Piloted Wheels Cleaning and Protection WHEEL SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................... 26 Diesel Fuel Contamination Chains Section Three Tire Damage Resulting from Non-Compliant Runflat/Beadlock Devices .................................................... 27-48 Mounting the Tire Recommendations for Use of Dynamometers WARNINGS ............................................................................... 28-31 Spinning Zipper Ruptures Rotation Tire Inspection Siping Selection of Proper Components and Materials Branding Inflation Safety Recommendations MAINTAINING THE VEHICLE .................................................... 63-80 Tire and Wheel Lubrication Major Vehicle Factors That Affect Tire Life ........................ 63 Preparation of Wheels and Tires - Alignment GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR TUBELESS TIRE - Steer Axle Geometry MOUNTING/DEMOUNTING ..................................................... 32-33 - Toe Tubeless Tire Mounting/Demounting - Tandem Axle Parallelism (Skew - Thrust) Using a Mounting Machine - Thrust Angle (Tracking) - Camber ii Table of Contents - Caster HEAT STUDY .................................................................................. 96 - Steer Axle Setback (Steer Axle Skew) Brake Heat Overview - Toe-Out-On-Turns (Turning Radius) Brake Heat Evaluation: MICHELIN® X One® Tires vs Duals - TMC Recommended Alignment Targets TIME LABOR STUDY – MICHELIN® X ONE® TIRES VS - Periodic Alignment Checks DUAL ASSEMBLY ......................................................... 100-101 - Alignment Equipment Torque - Field Check Techniques RETREAD AND REPAIR RECOMMENDATIONS .................... 102-106 - Axle Parallelism and Tracking Repair Recommendations - How to Check Axle Parallelism and Tracking Retread Recommendations Tire Wear Patterns Due to Misalignment .......................... 70 - Toe Wear Chains - Free Rolling Wear Gear Ratio - Camber Wear Footprint Comparisons to Dual Tire Fitments - Cupping Wear OPERATION AND HANDLING .............................................. 107-112 - Flat Spotting Wear Over-Steer - Diagonal Wear Under-Steer Irregular Tire Wear .............................................................. 73 Cornering Stiffness for Different Tires - Heel-Toe Hydroplaning - Center Wear Rollover Threshold - River Wear Only Jack-Knife - Step-Shoulder/Localized Wear Shoulder Cupping Rapid Tire Pressure Loss Procedure - Brake Skid Traction Braking Systems and Issues ................................................. 75 Chains - Summary of Tire Issues Due to Brakes Stopping Distances - Brake Heat Overview Limping Home Fifth Wheel Maintenance and Placement ........................... 78 State and Local Regulations Wheel Bearing and Hub Inspection ..................................... 78 Suspensions ........................................................................... 78 Section Six - Air Suspension Systems ® MICHELIN RV Tires .............................................. 113-124 - Quick Checks for Trailer System Faults MAINTAINING RECREATIONAL VEHICLE TIRES .................. 114-120 - Quick Checks for Front Suspension Faults The Importance of Inflation Pressure - Quick Checks for Rear Suspension Faults Inflation Pressure Requirements When to Check Recreational Vehicle Tire Pressure Section Five Tire Repairs ® ® MICHELIN X One Tires ...................................... 81-112 Tread Depth Measurements and Wear Bars DRIVER INFORMATION ................................................................. 82 Dual Spacing AXLES AND WHEEL ENDS ............................................................ 83 Directional Tires Axle Identification Tags Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) Load Ratings Nitrogen SPINDLES ........................................................................................ 86 Workmanship and Materials OVERALL VEHICLE TRACK AND WIDTH ....................................... 87 Location of Tire Identification Code Use of Outset Wheels with MICHELIN® X One® Tires Service Life for Recreational Vehicle Tires Axles Track Widths Selecting Alternative Tire Sizes Vehicle Track Drive at Proper Speeds BEARINGS ...................................................................................... 89 Long Term Storage ENGINE COMPUTERS / FUEL ECONOMY ..................................... 90 Aging, Weather Checking, and Ozone Cracking AIR INFLATION AND PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEMS........... 90 Proper Cleaning of RV Tires The Use of Pressure