CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU POLICE STOP AND CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU SEARCH AMONG CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU WHITE AND CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU MINORITY ETHNIC CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU YOUNG PEOPLE IN CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU SCOTLAND CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU Central Research Unit CRU CRU CRU CRUCentral Research Unit CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU CRU POLICE STOP AND SEARCH AMONG WHITE AND MINORITY ETHNIC YOUNG PEOPLE IN SCOTLAND Reid Howie Associates Ltd November 2001 Scottish Executive Central Research Unit 2002 Further copies of this report are available priced £5.00. Cheques should be made payable to The Stationery Office Ltd and addressed to: The Stationery Office Bookshop 71 Lothian Road Edinburgh EH3 9AZ Tel: 0870 606 5566 Fax: 0870 606 5588 The views expressed in this report are those of the researchers and do not necessarily represent those of the Department or Scottish Ministers. © Crown Copyright 2002 Limited extracts from the text may be produced provided the source is acknowledged. For more extensive reproduction, please write to the Chief Research Officer at the Central Research Unit, 3rd Floor West Rear, St Andrew’s House, Edinburgh EH1 3DG TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………..........................................................I SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ............................................. 1 OVERVIEW AND PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH........................................................ 1 Aims of the research .......................................................................................................... 1 The structure of the report................................................................................................. 2 Note on terminology .......................................................................................................... 2 BLACK AND MINORITY ETHNIC COMMUNITIES IN SCOTLAND.......................... 3 The extent of black and minority ethnic communities in Scotland .................................... 3 RACE EQUALITY ISSUES IN SCOTLAND AND THE UK ........................................... 5 The politicisation of race issues at a UK level.................................................................. 5 Racism and racist attacks in Scotland............................................................................... 6 THE POLICE AND THE PUBLIC………………….......................................................... 7 The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry and its aftermath.............................................................. 8 The impact of The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry in Scotland................................................ 9 STOP AND SEARCH…………………………………. ................................................... 10 The nature and use of stop and search............................................................................ 10 The role played by stop and search in police operations................................................ 11 Evidence for the effectiveness of stop and search ........................................................... 12 Disproportionality ........................................................................................................... 16 CONCERNS, CURRENT ISSUES AND THE NEED FOR RESEARCH ....................... 18 SECTION TWO: EVIDENCE FROM THE POLICE...................................................... 21 OVERVIEW OF THIS SECTION………………………. ................................................ 21 OVERALL STRATEGIC APPROACHES…………........................................................ 21 The use of stop and search .............................................................................................. 21 Approaches to recording stops and searches.................................................................. 31 CONTACT WITH BLACK AND MINORITY ETHNIC GROUPS ................................ 33 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 33 OVERVIEW………………………………………… ....................................................... 38 SECTION THREE: EVIDENCE FROM THE RECORDING EXERCISE........................ 39 THE BASIS OF THE RESEARCH……………………… ............................................... 39 The choice of divisions .................................................................................................... 39 What was measured?....................................................................................................... 40 The conduct of the research ............................................................................................ 41 Limitations to this data.................................................................................................... 42 FINDINGS FROM THE RECORDING EXERCISE….. .................................................. 44 Evidence from the “stop” data........................................................................................ 44 Evidence from the “search” data.................................................................................... 47 OVERVIEW…………………………………………….. ................................................. 58 SECTION FOUR: EVIDENCE FROM THE COMMUNITY ......................................... 60 STREET INTERVIEWS………………………………….. .............................................. 60 The sample....................................................................................................................... 61 Experiences of being stopped by the police..................................................................... 62 Experiences of being searched by the police................................................................... 64 VIEWS FROM FOCUS GROUPS………………………................................................. 72 Views about their communities........................................................................................ 72 Racism ............................................................................................................................. 73 Crime in General............................................................................................................. 75 Perceptions of the Police................................................................................................. 76 Specific stop and search issues........................................................................................ 79 Race issues in relation to stop and search ...................................................................... 81 Knowledge of stop and search......................................................................................... 82 OVERVIEW…………………………………………….. ................................................. 83 SECTION FIVE: DRAWING TOGETHER THE STRANDS......................................... 85 THE KEY FINDINGS……………………………………................................................ 85 FINDINGS RELATING TO THE AIMS OF THE RESEARCH...................................... 87 Aim 1................................................................................................................................ 87 Aim 2................................................................................................................................ 88 Aim 3................................................................................................................................ 89 Aim 4................................................................................................................................ 91 Aim 5................................................................................................................................ 94 SECTION SIX: POINTS TO NOTE………………… ....................................................... 97 GENERAL ISSUES…………………………………. ...................................................... 97 POINTS TO NOTE IN RELATION TO STOP AND SEARCH....................................... 98 Summary of suggested points to note ............................................................................ 102 ANNEX 1: METHODOLOGY………………………….. ................................................ 104 ANNEX 2: THE LEGAL BASIS OF STOP AND SEARCH .......................................... 109 ANNEX 3: RACISM AND RACIST ATTACKS IN SCOTLAND................................. 114 ANNEX 4: THE USE OF STOP AND SEARCH AT SPORTS EVENTS..................... 123 ANNEX 5: LOTHIAN AND BORDERS AIDE MEMOIR............................................. 129 ANNEX 6: SEARCH FORM AND GUIDANCE GIVEN TO OFFICERS......................... 131 ANNEX 7: THE STOP FORM…………………………