New York County ClerkClerks Index No. 103434/04 Albany County ClerkClerks Index No. 1967/04 Ulmirtvi Apprat vi tIr tatr vi Nm 1vrk DANIEL HERNANDEZ and NEVIN COHEN LAuREN ABRAMABRAMS and DONNA Appellate Division FREEMAN-TWEED MICHAEL ELSASSER and DOUGLADOUGLAS ROBINSON MARY Jo First Department KENNEDY and Jo-ANN SHAIN and DANIEL REYEREYES and CURTICURTIS WOOLBRIGHT Docket Nos. 6598 6599 Plaintiffs-AppellantsPlaintiffs-Appellant against VICTOR L. ROBLEROBLES in his official capacity as CITY CLERK of the City of New York Defendant-Respondent. SYLVIA SAMIJELSAMIJELS and DIANE GALLAGHER HEATHER MCDONNELL and Appellate Division CAROL SNYDER AMY TRIPI and JEANNE VITALE WADE NICHOLNICHOLS Third Department and HARING SHEN MICHAEL HAHN and PAuL MUIIONEN DANIEL J. Docket No. 98084 ODONNELL and JOHN BANTA CYNTHIA BINK and ANN PACHNER KATHLEEN TUGGLE and TONJA ALVIALVIS REGINA CICCHETTI and SUSAN ZIMMER ALICE J. MuNIz and ONEIDA GARCIA ELLEN DREHER and LAURA COLLINCOLLINS JOHN WESSEL and WILLIAM OCONNOR and MICHELLE CHERRY-SLACK and MONTEL CHERRY-SLACK Plaintiffs-AppellantsPlaintiffs-Appellant against THE NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH and THE STATE OF NEW YORK Defendants-Respondents. BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE NEW YORK COUNTY LAWYERLAWYERS ASSOCIATION 14 Vesey Street New York NY 10007 Tel 212-267-6646 NATIONAL BLACK JUSTICE COALITION 1725 Street NW Suite 300 Washington DC 20006 Tel 202-349-3755 OF COUNSEL Ivan J. Dominguez Kathryn ShreeveShreeves Jean M. Swieca AttorneysAttorney for Amici Curiae April 12 2006 Qhnxrt at AppraLa at the tatr at New l3ark DANIEL HERNANDEZ and NEVIN COHEN Appellate Division LAUREN ABRAMABRAMS and DONNA FREEMAN- First Department TWEED MICHAEL ELSASSER and DOUGLASDOUGLASS Docket Nos. 6598 6599 ROBINSON MARY JO KENNEDY and JO-ANN New York County SHAIN and DANIEL REYEREYES and CURTICURTIS Index No. 103434/04 WOOLBRIGHT Plaintiffs-AppellantsPlaintiffs-Appellant against VICTOR L. ROBLEROBLES in his official capacity as CITY CLERK of the City of New York Defendant-Respondent. SYLVIA SAMUELSAMUELS and DIANE GALLAGHER Appellate Division HEATHER McDONNELL and CAROL SNYDER Third Department AMY TRIPI and JEANNE VITALE WADE Docket No. 98084 MCHOLMCHOLS and HARING SHEN MICHAEL HAHN Albany County and PAUL MUHONEN DANIEL J. ODONNELL Index No. 1967/04 and JOHN BANTA CYNTHIA BINK and ANN PACHNER KATHLEEN TOGGLE and TONJA ALVIALVIS REGINA CICCHETTI and SUSAN ZIMMER ALICE J. MUNIZ and ONEIDA GARCIA ELLEN DREHIER and LAURA COLLINCOLLINS JOHN WESSEL and WILLIAM OCONNOR and MICHELLE CHERRY-SLACK and MONTEL CHERRY-SLACK AMICI CURIAECURIAES STATEMENT Plaintiffs-AppellantsPlaintiffs-Appellant PURSUANT TO against RULE 500.1c THE NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH and the STATE OF NEW YORK Defendants-Respondents. The New York County LawyerLawyers Association is not-for-profit corporation with membermembers organized under New York law. It has no parentparents subsidiariesubsidiaries or affiliatesaffiliate except that its officerofficers comprise the membership of the New York County LawyerLawyers Association Foundation which has no parentparents subsidiariesubsidiaries or affiliates. The National Black Justice Coalition is not-for-profit corporation with membermembers organized under New York law. It has no parentparents subsidiariesubsidiaries or affiliates. Dated New York New York April 12 2006 Nonnan L. Reimer President 14 Vesey St. New York NY 10007 212 267-6646 NATIONAL BLACK JUSTICE COAL1TION H. Alexander Robinson Executive Director/CEO Washington National Office 1725 Street NW Suite 300 Washington DC 20006 202 349-3756 11 TABLE OFCONTENT CONTENTS PAGE TABLE OF AUTHORITIEAUTHORITIES ADDENDUM xi STATEMENT OF INTEREST OF AMICI A. The New York County LawyerLawyers Association B. The National Black Justice Coalition PRELIMINARY STATEMENT ARGUMENT I. RESPONDENTRESPONDENTS ARGUMENTARGUMENTS ATTEMPTING TO CIRCUMSCRIBE THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT TO MARRY DO NOT WITHSTAND SCRUTINY A. Contemporary Popular Opinion Cannot Define The Fundamental Right To Be Free From Unwarranted Governmental Intrusion 1. Fundamental RightRights Should Not Be Defined Narrowly to Incorporate the Challenged Governmental Restriction 2. RespondentRespondents FocuFocus on the Historical Recognition of the Right to Marry Is Overly Narrow 15 3. The Prevalence of Existing LawLaws is Irrelevant 20 B. RespondentRespondents Applied Equally Argument DoeDoes Not Support The ProhibitionProhibitions On Marriage Between IndividualIndividuals Of The Same Sex 22 II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 25 A. Interracial Marriage Was Prohibited In ThiThis Nation For More Than 300 yearyears 26 111 PAGE B. Marriage ProhibitionProhibitions Extended To NumerouNumerous Racial GroupGroups 31 C. Anti-Miscegenation LawLaws Enjoyed Vast Popular Support 35 CONCLUSION 36 iv TABLE OF AUTHORITIEAUTHORITIES PAGEPAGES CASECASES BowerBowers Hardwick 478 Us 186 20 Brause Bureau of Vital StatisticsStatistic No. 3AN-95-6562 CI 1998 WL 88743 Super Ct Feb. 27 1998 affd sub nom Brause Alaska Dept. ofHealth Soc. Servs. 21 P3d 357 2001 17 Britell Jorgensen In re Takahashi Estate 113 Mont 490 129 P2d 217 18 Dodson ArkansaArkansas 61 Ark 5731 SW 977 2934 Doe Coughlin 71 NY2d 48 cert. denied488 US 879 14 Green Alabama 58 Ala 190 23 30 34 Griswold Connecticut 381U5479 Henkle Paquet In re PaquetPaquets Estate 101 0r393200P911 2024 Hernandez RobleRobles Misc 3d 459 Ct NY County revd 26 AD3d 98 Dept 2005 passim Indiana Qibson 36 md 389 30 34 Jackson City Cty of Denver 109 Cob 196 124 P2d 240 24 PAGEPAGES Kentucky Wasson 842 SW2d 487 1992 11 Kinney Virginia 71 Va 858 2934 Kirby Kirby 24 Ariz 206 405 20-21 Lawrence TexaTexas 539 Us 558 12 20 Lee Giraudo In re MonkMonks Estate 48 Cal App 2d 603 120 P2d 167 App 1941 appeal dismissed 317 US 590 21 Levin Yeshiva Univ. 96 NY2d 484 14 LonaLonas Tennessee SOTenn 287 passim Loving Virginia 388 US passim Mary of Oakknoll Coughlin 101 AD2d 931 Dept 1984 14-15 McLaughlin Florida 379 US 184 25 Meyer Nebraska 262 US 390 12 Missouri Jackson 8OMo 175 passim Naim Naim 197 Va 80 87 SE2d 749 vacated and remanded 350 US 891 adhered to 197 Va 734 90 SE2d 849 32-3334 vi PAGEPAGES People HarriHarris 77NY2d434 11 People Onofre 51 NY2d 476 cert denied 451 US 987 10 People Shepard 50 NY2d 640 14 Perez Lippold 32 Cal 2d 711 198 P2d 17 passim Pierce Society of SisterSisters ofHoly NameNames of JesuJesus Mary 268 US 510 12 Planned Parenthood Casey of Southeastern Pa. 505 US 833 passim SamuelSamuels New York St. Dept. of Health AD3d 2006 NY Slip op 01213 Dept 2006 18 Scott Georgia 39 Ga 321 30 34 Skinner Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson 316 US 535 12 Turner Safley 482U5 78 12 Zablocki Red/tail 434 US 374 12 13-14 STATUTESTATUTES OTHER AUTHORITIEAUTHORITIES 49CongRecSO2 11 1912 30 NY Const Preamble 10-11 artI6 10 artI11 10 vii PAGEPAGES 1862 Or. LawLaws 63-102.31 1866 Or. LawLaws 23-1010 31 Charlotte Astor Gallup Poll ProgresProgress in Black/White RelationRelations But Race is Still an Issue cusinfo. state.gov/journals/itsv/0897/ij se/gallup .htm accessed April 2006 21 David H. Fowler Northern AttitudeAttitudes Toward Interracial Marriage Legislation Public Opinion in the Middle Atlantic theState States of the Old Northwest 1780- 1930 27 Leslie M. HarriHarris In the Shadow of Slavery African American in New York City 1626- 1863 28 Henry HugheHughes Treatise on Sociology Theoretical Practical 27 Randall Kennedy Interracial IntimacieIntimacies Sex Marriage Identity Adoption 32 NicholaNicholas D. Kristof Marriage Mix and Match NY TimeTimes Mar. 2004 at A23 35 Rachel F. Moran Interracial Intimacy The Regulation of Race Romance passim Denise C. Morgan Jack JohnsonReluctant Hero of the Black Community 32 AkronLRev 529 30 Note Litigating the Defense of MarriageAct The Next Battleground for Same-Sex Marriage 117 Han Rev 2684 17 Peggy Pascoe Miscegenation Law Court CaseCases IdeologieIdeologies of Race in Twentieth Century America in Interracialism Black-White Intermarriage in American History Literature Law SollorSollors ed. 2000 31 viii PAGEPAGES Peggy Pascoe Why the Ugly Rhetoric Against Gay Marriage is Familiar to ThiThis Historian of Miscegenation hnn .us/articles/4708 .html accessed April 2006 19 CharleCharles Frank Robinson II DangerouDangerous LiaisonLiaisons Sex Love in the Segregated South 27 30 Judy Sheppard Alabama VoterVoters May Bury Interracial Marriage Ban It Hasn Had Legal Force For DecadeDecades Atlanta Const. Sept. 26 2000 at 1A 35 Leti Volpp American Mestizo FilipinoFilipinos Anti-Miscegenation LawLaws in Cal fornia in Mixed Race America the Law Reader R. Johnson ed. 2003 32 Peter Wallenstein Tell the Court Love My Wife Race Marriage LawAn American History 26 33 Carter G. Woodson The BeginningBeginnings of Miscegenation of the WhiteWhites and BlackBlacks in Interracialism Black- White Intennarriage in American History Literature Law SollorSollors ed. 2000 26-27 Encyclopedia of African-American Culture History Miscegenation Intermarriage as reproduced in History Resource Center by Gale Group 28 Encyclopedia of the United StateStates in the Nineteenth Century Miscegenation as reproduced in History Resource Center by Gale Group 28 KansaKansas St Hist Socy web site www.kshs.org/publicat1history/1999 winter_sheridan.htm accessed April 2006 33 John Mercer Langston Bar Assn web site www.jmlba.org/JMtBio.htm accessed April 2006 33 TheFreeDictionary.com Miscegenation www.encyclopedia. thefreedictionary.com/miscegenation accessed April 2006 35 ix PAGEPAGES The Miscegenation Hoax www.museumothoaxes.com/miscegenation. html accessed April 2006 28 ADDENDUM TAB ExcerptExcerpts from Peter Wallenstein Tell the