About ICRISAT The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid-Tropics (ICRISAT) is a non-profit, non-political organization that conducts agricultural research for development in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with a wide array of partners throughout the world. Covering 6.5 million square kilometers of land in 55 countries, the semi-arid tropics have over 2 billion people, and 644 million of these are the poorest of the poor. ICRISAT and its partners help empower these poor people to overcome poverty, hunger and a degraded environment through better agriculture. ICRISAT is headquartered in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, with two regional hubs and four country offices in sub-Saharan Africa. It belongs to the Consortium of Centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Contact Information ICRISAT-Patancheru ICRISAT-Liaison Office ICRISAT-Nairobi ICRISAT-Niamey (Headquarters) CG Centers Block (Regional hub ESA) (Regional hub WCA) Patancheru 502 324 NASC Complex PO Box 39063, Nairobi, Kenya BP 12404, Niamey, Niger (Via Paris) Andhra Pradesh, India Dev Prakash Shastri Marg Tel +254 20 7224550 Tel +227 20722529, 20722725 Tel +91 40 30713071 New Delhi 110 012, India Fax +254 20 7224001 Fax +227 20734329 Fax +91 40 30713074 Tel +91 11 32472306 to 08 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Fax +91 11 25841294 ICRISAT-Bamako ICRISAT-Bulawayo ICRISAT-Lilongwe ICRISAT-Maputo BP 320 Matopos Research Station Chitedze Agricultural Research Station c/o IIAM, Av. das FPLM No 2698 Bamako, Mali PO Box 776, PO Box 1096 Caixa Postal 1906 Tel +223 20 223375 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Lilongwe, Malawi Maputo, Mozambique Fax +223 20 228683 Tel +263 383 311 to 15 Tel +265 1 707297, 071, 067, 057 Tel +258 21 461657 [email protected] Fax +263 383 307 Fax +265 1 707298 Fax +258 21 461581 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] www.icrisat.org ISBN: 978-92-9066-535-9 Order code: BOE 051 296-2010 Citation: Mula MG and Saxena KB. 2010. Lifting the Level of Awareness on Pigeonpea – A Global Perspective. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 540 pp. ISBN: 978-92-9066-535-9. Order code: BOE 051. Copyright © International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), 2010. All rights reserved. ICRISAT holds the copyright to its publications, but these can be shared and duplicated for non- commercial purposes. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part(s) or all of any publication for non-commercial use is hereby granted as long as ICRISAT is properly cited. For any clarification, please contact the Director of Communication office at [email protected]. ICRISAT’s name and logo are registered trademarks and may not be used without permission. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice. Lifting the Level of Awareness on Pigeonpea – A Global Perspective MG Mula and KB Saxena Patancheru 502 324, AP, India 2010 About this book Lifting the Level of Awareness on Pigeonpea - A Global Perspective is an extensive research publication based on secondary materials written primarily to provide comprehensive information on pigeonpea to popularize it as a major legume crop. This book will serve as a reference for all stakeholders involved in the production of this crop, particularly farmers, traders, policymakers and scientists. The book focuses mainly on the crop’s production system, research and development (R&D) efforts, economic significance and recommendations with information on geographical background and agricultural system of each country where the crop is grown. In the concluding chapter, readers will find the authors’ recommendations on the environmental and economic significance of this crop, and its commercial viability. About the authors MG Mula Scientist, Seed Systems Global Theme – Crop Improvement KB Saxena Principal Scientist, Pigeonpea Breeding Global Theme – Crop Improvement ii Contents Foreword ........................................................................................................xiii Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I ......................................................................................................3 A Historical Perspective: The Origin, Taxonomy, Domestication, Vernacular and Regional Genetic Improvement of Pigeonpea ........................ 3 Origin ..............................................................................................3 Taxonomy ........................................................................................4 Domestication .................................................................................5 History of Pigeonpea’s Vernacular ..................................................5 Regional Genetic Improvement of Pigeonpea ................................6 Asia ...................................................................................... 11 Africa ....................................................................................16 Americas and the Caribbean ...............................................17 Oceania ...............................................................................19 CHAPTER II ...................................................................................................20 Potential of Pigeonpea: The Crop, Ecology, Utilization, Importance in Cropping Systems and Nutritional Quality ............................... 20 The Crop .......................................................................................20 Ecology ..........................................................................................23 Utilization .......................................................................................26 Food .....................................................................................26 Animal feed, fodder and forage ............................................32 Fuel wood .............................................................................36 Soil ameliorants ...................................................................40 Folk medicines .....................................................................42 Other potential uses .............................................................44 Importance in Cropping Systems ..................................................50 Nutritional Quality ..........................................................................60 iii Nutritional Quality for Animal Production ..............................64 Dry-Matter and Green-Matter Yields of Pigeonpea ..............66 CHAPTER III ..................................................................................................67 Global Pigeonpea Statistics and Economies - Global Condition, Market Trends (Domestic, Export and Import), and International Market Trade: A Regional Scenario .......................................... 67 Global Condition ............................................................................67 Area ......................................................................................69 Production ............................................................................73 Productivity ...........................................................................76 Global Contribution (%) ........................................................79 Market Trends ...............................................................................79 Domestic Market and Consumption .....................................79 Export ...................................................................................81 Import ...................................................................................83 International Market Trade: A Regional Scenario ..........................86 CHAPTER IV ..................................................................................................89 Pigeonpea: A Regional Situation (Major and Minor Producing Countries).......................................................... 89 Asia ...............................................................................................89 Area ......................................................................................91 Production ............................................................................92 Productivity ...........................................................................92 Major Pigeonpea Producing Countries in Asia ..............................95 Minor Pigeonpea Growing Countries in Asia ...............................120 Potential Growing Area in Middle East ........................................172 Africa Area ....................................................................................177 Production ..........................................................................179 Productivity .........................................................................181 iv Data Inconsistencies........................................................181 African Cropping Systems ...............................................182 Pigeonpea Limitations and Market Potentials..................182 The Role of ICRISAT .......................................................182 Major Pigeonpea Producing Countries in Africa ..........................183 Minor Pigeonpea Producing Countries in Africa ..........................213 The Americas and the Caribbean