A Classical Introduction to the Study of Argumentation (12 one-hour lectures) Sebastian McEvoy Professor of English University of Lille 3, UFR Angellier (as from October 2007, University of Paris 10, UFR EAA) L3 S5 UE2 : pratique de la langue Argumentation : analyse et production Notes for lectures/CM 2006-2007 Exam drafts 2004-2007 Key-words : logic, dialectics, fallacies, rhetoric, pleadings and forensic arguments Contact : [email protected] © S.T. McEvoy, 2007. All rights reserved. 1 CONTENTS I. LECTURES ......................................................................................................................................4 General introduction........................................................................................................................5 I. Irenic/agonistic, eristic ............................................................................................................5 II. Definition ...............................................................................................................................5 III. Disciplines ............................................................................................................................6 IV. History ..................................................................................................................................7 V. Use .........................................................................................................................................7 Plan .............................................................................................................................................7 1. Notes for part I Logic.......................................................................................................................8 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................8 1. History ....................................................................................................................................8 2. Characteristics.........................................................................................................................8 3. Use ..........................................................................................................................................8 Plan .............................................................................................................................................9 1. Categorical logic........................................................................................................................10 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................10 A. Categorical propositions...........................................................................................................10 1. Components ..........................................................................................................................10 2. The 4 types of propositions ..................................................................................................10 B. Immediate inferences................................................................................................................11 1. Simple immediate inferendes ...............................................................................................11 2. Complex immediate inference..............................................................................................12 C. The categorical syllogism (mediate inferences) .......................................................................12 1. The components....................................................................................................................12 2. The four syllogistic figures...................................................................................................12 3. Rules for valid syllogisms ....................................................................................................13 2. Non-categorical syllogisms (mediate inferences) .....................................................................15 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................15 1. Components ..........................................................................................................................15 2. Hypothetical syllogisms........................................................................................................15 3. Disjunctive syllogisms..........................................................................................................15 4. Dilemmas..............................................................................................................................16 3. Amplification and truncation.....................................................................................................17 1. Amplification........................................................................................................................17 2. Truncation.............................................................................................................................18 2. Notes for part II Dialectics.............................................................................................................19 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................19 1. Characteristics.......................................................................................................................19 2. History ..................................................................................................................................19 3. Fallacies ................................................................................................................................19 4. Use ........................................................................................................................................19 5. Plan .......................................................................................................................................19 1. Definitional fallacies .................................................................................................................20 1. Types of definitions ..............................................................................................................20 2 2. Fallacies ................................................................................................................................20 2. Verbal fallacies..........................................................................................................................21 1.Homonomy/polysemy (or equivocation)...............................................................................21 2. Amphiboly (or syntactic ambiguity).....................................................................................21 3. Synthesis (or combination)...................................................................................................21 5. Accent...................................................................................................................................21 6. Form of expression ...............................................................................................................21 7. Others....................................................................................................................................22 3. Non-verbal fallacies ..................................................................................................................23 A. Formal fallacies ........................................................................................................................23 1. Immediate inferences............................................................................................................23 2. Categorical syllogism ...........................................................................................................23 3. Non-categorical syllogism....................................................................................................24 B. Non-formal fallacies .................................................................................................................24 1. By-passing the issue .............................................................................................................24 2. Person-based arguments .......................................................................................................24 3. Emotional arguments............................................................................................................25 4. False causes, effects and representations..............................................................................25 5. Failure to argue.....................................................................................................................25 3. Notes for part III Rhetoric..............................................................................................................26 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................26 1. Characteristics.......................................................................................................................26