Languages of Science in the Eighteenth Century Languages of Science in the Eighteenth Century Edited by Britt-Louise Gunnarsson De Gruyter Mouton An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISBN 978-3-11-021808-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-021809-1 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-021806-2 ISSN 0179-0986 e-ISSN 0179-3256 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License, as of February 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-3-11-025505-8 e-ISBNBibliografische 978-3-11-025506-5 Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra- Libraryfie; detaillierte of Congress bibliografische Cataloging-in-Publication Daten sind im Internet Data über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. Languages of science in the eighteenth century / edited by Britt- ©ISBN 2016Louise 978-3-11-021808-4 Walter Gunnarsson. de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Drucke-ISBN und (PDF)p. Bindung: cm. 978-3-11-021809-1 Duck & Co., Ortsname ♾e-ISBN GedrucktIncludes (EPUB) auf 978-3-11-021806-2 bibliographicalsäurefreiem Papier references and index. ISSN 0179-0986ISBN 978-3-11-025505-8 (alk. paper) Printed in GermanyϪ Ϫ Ϫ e-ISSN1. 0179-3256 Science Europe History 18th century. 2. Technical writing Ϫ Europe Ϫ History Ϫ 18th century. 3. Scientists Ϫ Europe Ϫ www.degruyter.comIntellectual life Ϫ 18th century. I. Gunnarsson, Britt-Louise. Q127.E8L36 2011 509.4109033Ϫdc23 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs2011017257 3.0 License, as of February 23, 2017. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data BibliographicA CIP catalog record information for this publishedbook has been by the applied Deutsche for at the Nationalbibliothek Library of Congress. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailedBibliografische bibliographic Information data der are Deutschen available Nationalbibliothek in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliogra- fie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über Ą http://dnb.dnb.de2011 Walter de abrufbar. Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston Typesetting: PTP-Berlin Protago-TEX-Production GmbH, Berlin Printing:© 2016 Walter Hubert de Gruyter & Co. GmbHGmbH, Berlin/Boston & Co. KG, Göttingen ϱ DruckPrinted und Bindung: on acid-free Duck & Co., paper Ortsname Printed♾ Gedruckt in Germanyauf säurefreiem Papier www.degruyter.comPrinted in Germany www.degruyter.com Contents Contributors................................ vii Editor’s acknowledgements . ....................... xi Introduction Introduction: Languages of science in the eighteenth century . 3 Britt-Louise Gunnarsson Section 1. The forming of scientific communities Church, state, university, and the printing press: Conditions for the emergence and maintenance of autonomy of scientific publication in Europe................................... 25 Charles Bazerman Philologyintheeighteenthcentury:EuropeandSweden........ 45 Gunilla Gren-Eklund The Swedish Academy of Sciences: Language policy and language practice.................................. 63 Ulf Teleman Section 2. The emergence of new languages of science Scientific literacy in eighteenth-century Germany . 91 Renata Schellenberg From vernacular to national language: Language planning and the discourseofscienceineighteenth-centurySweden............ 107 Anna Helga Hannesdóttir From Latin and Swedish to Latin in Swedish. On the early modern emergenceofaprofessionalvernacularvarietyinSweden........ 123 Lars Wollin vi Contents Science and natural language in the eighteenth century: Buffon and Linnaeus.................................. 141 Richard Sörman From theory of ideas to theory of succedaneum: The Linnaean botanical nomenclature(s)as“apointofviewontheworld”............ 157 Philippe Selosse Section 3. The spread of scientific ideas Linnaeus’s international correspondence. The spread of a revolution . 171 Ann-Mari Jönsson The influence of Carl Linnaeus on the Encyclopaedia Britannica of 1771 193 Rosemarie Gläser Linnaeus and the Siberian expeditions: Translating political empire into a kingdom of knowledge . ..................... 207 Kenneth J. Knoespel The introduction of the Linnaean classification of nature in Portugal . 227 Palmira Fontes da Costa Section 4. The development of scientific writing Linnaeus as a connecting link in Swedish language history . ..... 247 Bo Ralph Calendar and aphorism: A generic study of Carl Linnaeus’s Fundamenta Botanica and Philosophia Botanica ................... 263 Han-Liang Chang The reflective cultivator? Model readers in eighteenth-century Swedish garden literature . ..................... 279 Andreas Nord The linguistic construction of scientificality in early Swedish medical texts.................................... 303 Britt-Louise Gunnarsson Eighteenth-century English medical texts and discourses on reproduction 333 Päivi Pahta Subjectindex............................... 357 Contributors Charles Bazerman University of California, Santa Barbara Department of Education 3208 Education Building Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA [email protected] Han-liang Chang Fudan University Department of Chinese 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433, China National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4 Taipei, Taiwan 10674 [email protected] Palmira Fontes da Costa Universidade Nova de Lisboa Unit of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology Faculty of Sciences and Technology 2829-516 Campus da Caparica Portugal [email protected] Rosemarie Gläser University of Leipzig Faculty of Philology Institute of British Studies Private address: Am Staffelstein 6 01328 Dresden Germany viii Contributors Gunilla Gren-Eklund Uppsala University Department of Linguistics and Philology Private address: Salagatan 12B 753 30 Uppsala Sweden gunilla.gren-eklund@lingfil.uu.se Britt-Louise Gunnarsson Uppsala University Department of Scandinavian Languages Box 527 751 20 Uppsala Sweden [email protected] Anna Helga Hannesdóttir University of Gothenburg Department of Swedish Box 200 405 30 Göteborg Sweden [email protected] Ann-Mari Jönsson Uppsala University Department of Linguistics and Philology Box 635 751 26 UPPSALA Sweden ann-mari.jonsson@lingfil.uu.se Kenneth J. Knoespel Georgia Institute of Technology School of Literature, Communication and Culture 221 Bobby Dodd Way Atlanta GA 30332-0165, USA [email protected] Contributors ix Andreas Nord University of Gothenburg Department of Swedish Box 200 405 30 Göteborg Sweden [email protected] Päivi Pahta University of Tampere School of Language, Translation and Literary Studies 33014 University of Tampere Finland paivi.pahta@uta.fi Bo Ralph University of Gothenburg Department of Swedish Box 200 405 30 Göteborg Sweden [email protected] Renata Schellenberg Mount Allison University Modern Languages and Literature Crabtree Building 49A York Street Sackville N.B. E4L 1C7 Canada [email protected] Philippe Selosse Université Lumière Lyon 2 Faculté des Lettres, Sciences du Langage et Arts 18 Quai Claude-Bernard 69365 Lyon cedex 07 France [email protected] x Contributors Richard Sörman Uppsala University Department of Modern Languages Box 636 751 26 UPPSALA Sweden [email protected] Ulf Teleman Lund University Centre for Languages and Literature Box 201 221 00 Lund Sweden [email protected] Lars Wollin Åbo Akademi University Department of Swedish Finland Private address: Noreens väg 21 752 63 Uppsala Sweden lars.wollin@abo.fi Editor’s acknowledgements Most of the chapters in this volume were originally presented as plenary lec- tures or section papers at the Symposium on Languages of Science in the Time of Linnaeus, held in Uppsala in June 2007. This international symposium, co- organized by Hans Helander and myself, was arranged on the initiative of the Faculty of Languages at Uppsala University as part of the commemoration of the tercentenary of the birth of Carl Linnaeus. As editor of this volume, I wish to thank Urban Örneholm for technical assis- tance at an initial stage in the editing process, and Martin Naylor for his careful scrutiny of the English used in chapters written by non-native speakers of that language. Finally, I gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided for the editing and publication of this book by the Faculty of Languages at Uppsala University. Uppsala, August 2011 Britt-Louise Gunnarsson Introduction Introduction: Languages of science in the eighteenth century Britt-Louise Gunnarsson The eighteenth century is an important period in both the history of science and the history of languages. Interest