International Labour Organization Edward Phelan Lecture 2015 The Future of Work by his Excellency Michael D. Higgins President of Ireland International Labour Organization Edward Phelan Lecture 2015 THE FUTURE OF WORK President Michael D. Higgins College Hall, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2 26 February 2015 ISBN: 9780901510709 ISSN: 2009-8103 © Michael. D. Higgins, February 2015 1 Contents Opening Remarks Dr Maurice Manning, Chancellor of the National University of Ireland 3 The Future of Work President Michael D. Higgins 5 Response Guy Ryder, Director-General of the ILO 18 Edward Phelan 1888-1967 Biographical note written by T. K. Whitaker 22 Biographies 25 2 Opening Remarks Dr Maurice Manning, Chancellor It is a great honour for me as Chancellor of the National University of Ireland to welcome you all here this evening. It is a particular pleasure to welcome our President and Mrs Higgins, both of whom are long-term friends, indeed family members of the NUI. President Higgins was a student, a graduate, a faculty member, an NUI Senator and is of course an honorary doctor of the university. President, it does the NUI and the International Labour Organization great honour that you have accepted our invitation to be our speaker this evening. The President has always been a perceptive and often prescient observer of the bigger issues facing our society. His work combines acute academic analysis with an ability not just to raise general principles but to apply them to real life conditions and to real life people. Some people may have thought that becoming President would make him bland or mute his message. I can assure you that his former colleagues in Leinster House do not think that now – if indeed they ever did. He has shown that he remains on song, speaking clearly, unambiguously and wisely on some of the great issues of our time – as he will do this evening. He may not please everybody and may even make some people uncomfortable, and no harm in that, but whatever he says will be said with that great courtesy which is his hallmark. It is also our great honour this evening to welcome the Director-General of the ILO, Mr Guy Ryder. Mr Ryder gave the first Phelan Lecture in 2013 and he will reply this evening. In that lecture he described very fully the career and achievements of Edward Phelan, one of Ireland’s greatest international civil servants upon whom this university conferred an honorary LLD in 1944. He was a generous benefactor to the NUI and part of his continuing legacy is the prestigious NUI E J Phelan Fellowship in International Law. I would like to say thanks this evening to Patricia O’Donovan whose idea this event was and to thank her for her continuing support. Patricia, as always you are very welcome. 3 May I also welcome Minister Ged Nash and former Tánaiste Eamon Gilmore. May I thank the Registrar and staff of NUI and the staff in Mr Ryder’s office for their work in organising this evening and finally a warm word of thanks to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland for their hospitality and the use of this wonderful room. It is good to have the Vice President of RCSI Professor John Hyland with us this evening as well. I now call on our President, Dr Michael D Higgins to deliver his lecture. NUI Chancellor Dr Maurice Manning gives his opening remarks. From left, Guy Ryder, Director-General of the ILO, Sabina Higgins, President Michael D. Higgins, Dr Maurice Manning and RCSI Vice President Prof John Hyland. 4 The Future of Work President Michael D. Higgins It is a great honour to have been invited to deliver the second Edward Phelan Lecture. I very much welcome this opportunity to pay homage to the achievements of Edward Joseph Phelan, a man who worked steadfastly to forge international labour standards that were grounded in a universalist vision of social justice; and who made his contribution through decades marked by war, a Great Depression and gross violations of human dignity. I am also very happy that this lecture takes places under the banner of the President of Ireland’s Ethics Initiative, which I launched over a year ago with a view to stimulating discussion across all sectors of society on the challenge of living together ethically. During the first phase of the Initiative, Irish universities hosted over fifty events addressing a broad range of themes. In a second phase, launched last September, I invited civil society organisations to engage in this national conversation on ethics. The Society of St Vincent de Paul, Dóchas and The Wheel, amongst others, responded positively to this invitation. Last week, the National Women’s Council of Ireland formally joined the initiative by hosting an international conference with the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission on the position of women in the world twenty years after the Beijing Platform for Action. The Irish Congress of Trade Unions is, in turn, taking part by launching its own project which will be gathering workers’ voices on the significance of ethics in the workplace. Indeed it is essential that work, in all its facets and in its essence as a shared human activity, be given a central place in the discussion on the values by which, we, as a community, wish to live. The question of “good work” within the broader frame of “the good life” is one of the defining issues of our times. Given Ireland’s recent history, which has seen working conditions change dramatically in connection with wider European and global trends, it is most timely to reassess what is meant, today, by “decent work”. I congratulate ICTU on opening up this important conversation and I would invite as many people as possible across the island of Ireland to take part in it. 5 At the outset of this lecture, it is of course necessary to evoke Edward Phelan’s role in building an international system of workers’ rights. Edward Phelan – who was born in 1888 in Tramore, Co. Waterford – was a key figure in the small group of people who mapped out the basis for the International Labour Organisation (ILO) during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. As a staff member of the ILO for almost thirty years, and its fourth Director from 1941 to 1948, he belongs to that new kind of international public servant who, from the League of Nations period onwards, played a distinctive part in giving an ethical shape to world affairs. The work and vision of Edward Phelan also recalls for us in intellectual terms a time when, amongst those with a progressive agenda, the discipline of political economy was grounded in ethical reasoning and economic policy was conceptualised primarily in relation to the social objectives at which it was aimed – in particular, in the 1930s, the objective of full employment. In 1931, for example, Phelan delivered one of the Harris Memorial Lectures at the University of Chicago, speaking with John Maynard Keynes on the topic of “Unemployment as a World-Problem”. 1 As we are, today again, grappling with unacceptable levels of unemployment – ones that undermine social cohesion in Europe and beyond – it is worthwhile to reflect on the significance, for both our present and future, of that impressive body of ideas, principles and legal instruments bequeathed to us by a generation of men and women who were committed to promoting decent and dignified standards for human work. It is also worth reflecting on whether we still have the capacity as they had then to respond within such a framework of values. Such reflection can valuably inform, I suggest, our understanding of the crucial issue currently facing labour – both organised and not organised – namely that of the means and form of the renaissance of labour rights in the wake of several decades of free market ‘rule’, or, more accurately, ‘deregulation’. This is the subject of my address this evening. How can labour organise itself at national, European and global level, in a context where global financial capital is proportionately more speculative than productive? What are the implications and challenges of a financialised economic version of globalisation? What conceptions of work does contemporary global capitalism allow and encourage? What form of internationalisation should prevail with regard to labour and workers? 1 Keynes, John M., P řibram, Karl, and Phelan, Edward J. (1931), Unemployment as a World-Problem . Lectures of the Harris Foundation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press). 6 The passage from one form of internationalisation to another – from the international normative framework built in the aftermath of World War II to the current institutional architecture organising global trade – can be illustrated so well through the story of the official gift of the Irish government to the ILO – a huge mural entitled “Irish Industrial Development,” commissioned from Seán Keating. 2 Gifted in 1961 by then Minister for Industry and Commerce Jack Lynch, Keating’s work faces “The Dignity of Labour”, by French artist Maurice Denis in the grand staircase of the William Rappard Centre. This Centre was built in the 1920s to house the ILO. It was the first building in Geneva designed to accommodate an organisation of the League of Nations system, a “Palace of Labour" adorned with many donations by trade unions and governments. When the ILO moved to Route des Morillons, in 1975, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) moved in. The heads of the international trade body were not pleased with the atmosphere of the William Rappard Centre, so that the works of art to the glory of workers and the productive economy were concealed behind wooden screens and forgotten for a while.