Educational Development and Reform on the Soviet Periphery: Mongolian People's Republic and Lao People's Democratic Republic

Educational Development and Reform on the Soviet Periphery: Mongolian People's Republic and Lao People's Democratic Republic

DOCUMENT RESUME ED 362 466 SO 023 429 AUTHOR Spaulding, Seth TITLE Educational Development and Reform on the Soviet Periphery: Mongolian People's Republic and Lao People's Democratic Republic. PUB DATE Jul 90 NOTE 19p.; A version of this paper was presented at the World Conference of Comparative Education Societies (Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 26-30, 1989). PUB TYPE Journal Articles (080) Speeches/Conference Papers (150) JOURNAL CIT Journal of Asian and African Affairs; v2 nl p109-124 Jul 1990 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Curriculum Development; *Developing Nations; *Educational Change; Educational Research; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Instructional Materials; *International Educational Exchange; Literacy; Research Problems; Socialism; Teacher Education; Technological Advancement IDENTIFIERS *Laos; *Mongolia; USSR ABSTRACT This document examines educational reforms that have occurred in Mongolia and Laos. Both nations have expanded educational opportunity drastically over the years. Both had extensive literacy campaigns following the establishment of socialism. Laos has undertaken development projects with the support of the USSR, Eastern European countries, and Vietnam. Mongolia, which has been closely affiliated with the USSR since the 1920s, has strong Russian and English language programs and educational exchange programs with Vietnam. The curriculum in both countries emphasizes science and technology. Both countries suffer from a scarcity of instructional materials, although both employ audiovisual aids. Mongolia and Laos recognize the need to improve teacher education. International agencies support teacher training projects, particularly in the area of secondary level mathematics and science. Both countries are the beneficiaries of overseas development assistance programs; still, both continue to face significant educational finance and administration problems. At present, Laos and Mongolia are undergoing economic liberalization. Mongolia has a tradition of trade ties with the West, and Laos resembles the free market economy of Thailand. There is little educational research in either country. Future research could explore practical issues of educational quantity, and quality, while theoretical questions of democratization and ideology remain. Glasnost and perestroika in the USSR may encourage such research. (SG) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Educational Development and Reform on the Soviet Periphery: Mongolian People's Republic and Lao People's Democratic Republic U S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Deice ot Educational Research and Irnpnovemant EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION 7e.cCENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced AS ewe(' trom the (Arson or orgentistiOn ongina Inv 61 0 Minor changes have wen mule to enceove reproduction quality Points Onto* 0, optntonll Staled In tilts docu- ment clo not necessardy reprisontOboist OERI position or policy "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY 13c" TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC).- theEducational Soviet periphery: development Mongolian and reformPeople's on RepublicSeth Spaulding and Lao People's Democratic usefulrecentmanyPerestroika nationseffortsin a general and atwhich educationalglasnost way have in are betterclose development affecting understandingties with not and theonly reformUSSR. Sovietthe Soviet in Aintentions lookthese Union atcountries theinitself, internation-current maybut andthe be canttrackoratingal affairs, political, the with educationaland these economicnon-Soviet countries. reforms and bloc social Educational whichnations reforms seem may researchers tofindin bemany significant transpiringAf may these newfind parallelcountries. waysopportunity toof signifi-collab- to easternnatureblocand Clearly,culturevary and Europe immensely history andthe wouldmanylanguage. of inrelationship nationsterms form The ofan which thecomparatively interestingwith level arethe of generallySoviet socio-economic group well-developedUnion, consideredfor study.geographicdevelopment, Someincountries themight location, Sovietof the beof examinetrainingstatesinterestingcountries near inthe in thecases,South impact Africa, Soviet alongAfrica, on EthiopiaUnion education with many or liberation otherand of of which changingMozambique, socialist movements send Soviet countries. large amonginpoliciesnumbers the Similarly, so-called others, and ofrelationships students one front-linemight for socialisttheseNicaragua,withThis acountries number countriesexploratory in particular). as of well Arabin paper'Asia.as similarities. states,There, The examines orundoubtedly,paper with educationalis Latinnot intended would American trends be to differences arrive andstatesissues at(Cubadefmitivein in all andtwo of Societies," A Montreal,version of June this 26-30,paper was19119. presented Others Untreated at the World in education Congress in ofcountries Comparativegenerallywith Educationa viewconsid- to 3 possibleeredWashington,Joumal to be collaborative on Of the Asian SovietD.C. eons. peripheryand African are encouraged Affairs, to correspond2, 1 (1990) with tba author 4 110 / SETH SPAULDING Educational development and reform on the Soviet periphery 1111 ventures,Conceivably,conclusions, involving butwith suggests the scholars new some openness from possible both of socialistsuch research countries, and directions non-s6cialist cooperative for the countries, research future. cleardifferences that they between are seeking the theLao Lao way way and to thesocialism, approachandof that other there socialist may be with educators in these countries,Background may be and Possible. history Bothcountries.2 Mongolia andEmphasis Laos have on expanded educational educationalschool expansion year opportunity had one peroondramatically in four examinedTheinvolvementPDR Mongolian (referred in this with to People'spaper thesebelow simply countries. Republicas Laos) because, I(referredhave have in beenthebeen torecent chosenimpressedbelow past, asas IMongolia) thewithhave countries thehad changes first-hand and to Lao be in overdence).schoolspopulatien(some the 500,000 Aroundand years. of 17,000 around Mongoliayoungtwo-thirds in twohigher people) million), inof theeducationthe in 1987-88young some with (including people formsomeof20,000in general schoolday, in evening specializedare education in rivaland areas.3correspon-seconclmy(of a total People'shistory;thethesetionary education countries struggleMongolia Republic sector. and beginning has within Both been1924. their are in socialist Laos,interest1921Asian and incountries,since in turn, culminatingopening the became 1920's,but up each additionalwith socialistwith has the a its historydeclaration opportunitiesown only distinctive of in revolu- 1975, of thein 50centnumber1975, per Laos,and when cent of 82.9 inschools, and theturn, pa secondarysocialistcent hasstudents respectively. expanded government enrolmentand teachers educational Primary bytook had nearly enrolment power.increased opportunity 200From per byincreased cent.77 1976dramatically per By cent,byto1983-84, 1985,more 68.8 since than theper it Laos.tion,andfollowing occupation with Both aroundyears are land-lockedby of two foreigninternal million powers. countries,conflict people Both (which inand countriesMongolia Mongolia has not are andyet dwarfs small aroundbeen inLaos totally tarns four in oflandmillionresolved) popula- mass in wasexceptcompared estimated in the toto 6735.2higher that per 85.4 education centcent per inin 1975.cent1975. sector. of and Growth elementary Regional13.9 Perseems cernvariations age to wereofhavechildren onein inslowed thousandsecondary enrolment were since in children school,school ratiosthen, andBothlargekilometers.with both some countriespercentages are 1.5 Bah essentially million have countries of sizeabletheir square agricultural havepopulation numberskilometers a high (with rateof of school-going-agecompared ethnic ofa traditionalpopulation gLams with emphasisamonggrowthLaos' (age 236,800 the and15 on population orboth nomadic below). square have yearofareproblemsgrade all great, primary ages and and mayenrolledonly cycle.drop-out be half because in Onlythe the is second high.first aboutof the grade, In gradersone-third tremendous the onlyearly went 139of eighties, theonexodus eventually tofirst-gradersthe of third.4 teacherscompleted pass Some duringtothe ofsecond five-Mae the separatingstrategicallyregionsanimal husbandry by China land placed isand indifficult, inthe Mongolia). terms Soviet withof Union interests Inmodern both over ofcountries, manyroads other hundredsscarce. countries, transportation Both of miles,with countries Mongolia andbetween with are Possiblyperiodtrainingagainsent to in on're-education' activity, asthe the many Lao mid-seventies it infrastructure.as is tenstill camps to estimated twenty and when onlyEven thousand (as the ofin with socialist 19:.:)recent educateda thatdramatic years government about Laosare increase22these who per tookpeople centstayed in control. ofteacher active somewere encouragedborder)border),LaosFrom bordering and Cambodia 1690 ViesurnLamaist untilon (over(aboutChinateachings 1911, 1000 (200200 Mongolia and km.km. km. an of of essentiallyof border). wasborder), border), governed Thailandsubsistence Burma

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