ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC EVALUATION OF COST-EFFECTIVE SYSTEMS FOR RAILWAY LEVEL-CROSSING PROTECTION UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC EVALUATION OF COST-EFFECTIVE SYSTEMS FOR RAILWAY LEVEL-CROSSING PROTECTION UNITED NATIONS New York, 2000 ST/ESCAP/2088 ______________ The opinions, figures and estimates set forth in this report were supplied by the respective railway administrations. They are the responsibility of the author and should not necessary be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. This publication has been issued without format editing. CONTENTS ! Page ! CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION """""""""""""""##""""###"##!!!!$! ! CHAPTER 2 SCALE AND SEVERITY OF RAILWAY LEVEL CROSSING ACCIDENT PROBLEM IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE REGION"""""""""""""""""""""""##""#!!!!%! ! &#$! '()(*+,!""""""""""""""""""""""####!!!!%! ! &#&! -(.(,!/*0112)3!4+5(67!2)!8)92+!""""""""""""#####!!!!%! &#&#$! 4:;;+*7!"""""""""""""""""###"#!!!!!%! &#&#&! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!*(<0*9!"""""""""###"#!!!!=! &#&#%! -(.(,!<*0112)3!<>+*+<6(*2162<1!+)9!(55(<62.()(11!""##!!!!?! &#&#=! @9;2)216*+620)!05!*+2,A+7!1+5(67!*(3:,+620)1B!*0,(!05! 6>(!/C4""""""""""""""""""""!!$$! &#&#D! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1716(;!(.+,:+620)!6(<>)2E:(1!""#"##!!$&! &#&#F! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!2)262+62.(1!"""""""""###!!$=! &#&#?! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!2;G(92;()61!"""""""#"!!$F! ! &#%! -(.(,!/*0112)3!4+5(67!2)!6>(!81,+;2<!C(G:H,2<!05!8*+)!""##"!!$F! &#%#$! 4:;;+*7##""""""""""""""""""###!!!$F! &#%#&! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!*(<0*9""""""""""#"!!$?! &#%#%! -(.(,!<*0112)3!<>+*+<6(*2162<1!+)9!(55(<62.()(11!"##"!!$I! &#%#=! @9;2)216*+620)!05!*+2,A+7!1+5(67!*(3:,+620)1""""###!!&J! &#%#D! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1716(;!(.+,:+620)!6(<>)2E:(1! ! K6(<>)2<+,!+)9!52)+)<2+,L""""""""""#"""!!&J! &#%#F! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!2)262+62.(1!##""""""#"""!!&&! &#%#?! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!2;G(92;()61!"""""#"""!!&&! ! &#=! -(.(,!/*0112)3!4+5(67!2)!6>(!C:112+)!M(9(*+620)"""#""!!&%! &#=#$! -(.(,!<*0112)3!<>+*+<6(*2162<1!+)9!(55(<62.()(11!""#!!&%! &#=#&! -(.(,!<*0112)3!(.+,:+620)!1716(;!"""""""#"##!!&?! &#=#%! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!2;G(92;()61""""""#""!!!&N! ! &#D! -(.(,!/*0112)3!4+5(67!2)!O2(6!P+;##""""""""""####!!%J! &#D#$! 4:;;+*7""""""""""""""""""#"!!!%J! &#D#&! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!*(<0*9""""""""""#"!!%$! &#D#%! -(.(,!<*0112)3!<>+*+<6(*2162<1!+)9!(55(<62.()(11""##!!!%%! &#D#=! @9;2)216*+620)!05!1+5(67!*(3:,+620)1!2)!*(,+620)!60! ,(.(,!<*0112)31"""""""""""""##"""###!!%D! i CONTENTS K/0)62):(9L! ! Page ! &#D#D! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1716(;!(.+,:+620)!6(<>)2E:(1! K6(<>)2<+,!+)9!52)+)<2+,L"""""""""""""#!%F! &#D#F! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!2)262+62.(1""""""""""!%N! &#D#?! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!2;G(92;()61""""""""##!=$! ! &#F! -(.(,!/*0112)3!4+5(67!2)!Q+)3,+9(1>R!S>2,2GG2)(1!+)9!! T>+2,+)9"""""""""""""""""""""""!=D! &#F#$! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!*(<0*9"""""""""""#!=D! &#F#&! -(.(,!<*0112)3!<>+*+<6(*2162<1!+)9!(55(<62.()(11""##!=?! &#F#%! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1716(;!(.+,:+620)!6(<>)2E:(1""""!=I! ! CHAPTER 3! ! RAILWAY LEVELCROSSING SAFETY EXPERIENCE AND ENHANCEMENT IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES""""""""#!D$! ! %#$! '()(*+,""""""""""""""""""""###"#"!!D$! ! %#&! 40;(!9(52)2620)1"""""""""""""""""#""#!D$! ! %#%! UVG(*2()<(!05!6>(!W)26(9!X2)390;!2)!1+5(67! ;+)+3(;()6""""""""""###""""""""""#!D&! %#%#$! @!<>+)3(!2)!6>(!G>2,010G>7!05!*+2,A+7!1+5(67! ;+)+3(;()6""""""""""""""""##"##!D%! %#%#&! Y(.(,0G;()6!05!+!C21Z![+)+3(;()6!@GG*0+<>!2)!! Q*2621>!C+2,A+71""""""""""""""##""#!D=! %#%#%! C21Z!;+)+3(;()6!+1!+GG,2(9!60!,(.(,!<*0112)3!! +<<29()61!2)!6>(!W)26(9!X2)390;"""""""""##!DI! %#%#=! 4+5(67!O+,:+620)!2)!T*+)1G0*6!S*0\(<6!@GG*+21+,"##"##!F&! ! %#=! -(.(,!<*0112)3!(VG(*2()<(!05!6>(!W)26(9!46+6(1!05! @;(*2<+"""""""""""""""""""""""#!FD! ! %#D! -(.(,!<*0112)3!(VG(*2()<(!05!/+)+9+""""""""""#!FI! ! %#F! -(.(,!<*0112)3!(VG(*2()<(!05!<0)62)()6+,!U:*0G("""""#! ?&! ! %#?! -(.(,!<*0112)3!(VG(*2()<(!05!]+G+)"""""""""""!!N$! %#?#$! -(.(,!<*0112)3!(.0,:620)""""""""""""###! N$! %#?#&! /:**()6!,(.(,!<*0112)3!2).()60*7""""""""##"!!N&! %#?#%! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!G(*50*;+)<(!2)!]+G+)"""#"! ND! %#?#=! -(.(,!<*0112)3!(.+,:+620)!;(6>091!2)!]+G+)""""! NI! %#?#D! [060*!.(>2<,(!9*2.(*!(9:<+620)"""""""""###! IJ! %#?#F! M:6:*(!,(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!G0,2<7"""""""#"!! I$! ii CONTENTS K/0)62):(9L! ! Page ! CHAPTER 4 RECOMMENDED TECHNIQUES FOR RAILWAY LEVEL CROSSING SAFETY ASSESSMENT IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION""##"!!I%! ! =#$! '()(*+,"""""""""""""""""""""##"#! I%! ! =#&! C(E:2*(;()61!05!+!4+5(67![+)+3(;()6!8)50*;+620)!4716(;##!I=! ! =#%! C(,(.+)<(!+)9!+GG,2<+620)!05!^:+)6252(9!C21Z!@)+,7121!60! ,(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!;+)+3(;()6""""""""""#"!$J$! ! =#=! /016_Q()(526!U.+,:+620)!05!,(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!;+)+3(;()6! ;(+1:*(1"""""""""""""""""""#""#!!$JD! =#=#$! O+,:2)3!>:;+)!,25("""""""""""""#"##! $JF! =#=#&! @11(112)3!6>(!9(,+7!*(9:<620)!H()(5261!05!+,6(*)+62.(! ,(.(,!<*0112)3!G*06(<620)!1716(;1"""""""##"!$JN! =#=#%! M2)+)<2+,!+)+,7121!05!+,6(*)+62.(!;(6>091!05!1+5(67! ()>+)<(;()6!+6!,(.(,!<*0112)31""""""""####!!$$%! ! =#D! T(<>)2<+,!+11(11;()6!05!,(.(,!<*0112)3!G*06(<620)!9(.2<(1##!$$=! =#D#$! /:**()6,7!+.+2,+H,(!,(.(,!<*0112)3!G*06(<620)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1716(;1"""""""""""""""""""##!$$=! =#D#&! M:6:*(!1716(;1!50*!,(.(,!<*0112)3!G*06(<620)"""###!$$?! ! CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS"""""""#"#!$&$! ! D#$! '()(*+,""""""""""""""""""""###""!$&$! ! D#&! /0)<,:120)1"""""""""""""""""""""!$&$! D#&#$! /0;G+*+62.(!,(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!G(*50*;+)<(""##!$&$! D#&#&! /0;G+*+62.(!<0161!05!,(.(,!<*0112)3!1716(;1""#####!!$&$! D#&#%! Y0!6>(!*+2,A+7!1716(;1!05!6>(!*(320)!>+.(!+)!+9(E:+6(! 2)50*;+620)!H+1(!50*!1(662)3!,(.(,!<*0112)3!:G3*+92)3! G*20*262(1`"""""""""""""""""""!$&&! D#&#=! @*(!6>(!*+2,A+71!05!6>(!*(320)!<0;;266(9!60!*0+9!:1(*! (9:<+620)!G*03*+;;(1!+)9!G06()62+,,7!>0A!(55(<62.(! +*(!6>(1(!G*03*+;;(1`""""""""""""##!!$&&! iii CONTENTS K/0)62):(9L! ! Page ! D#&#D! T*+552<!6>*(1>0,9!<*26(*2+!50*!,(.(,!<*0112)3!! 2;G*0.(;()6"""""""""""""""""#!!$&=! D#&#F! -(.(,!<*0112)3!1+5(67!+)9!0G(*+620)+,!(552<2()<7""#!$&=! ! D#%! C(<0;;()9+620)1""""""""""""""""""!$&D! iv LIST OF TABLES Page ! T+H,(!&#$! 423)252<+)<(!05!+)9!6*()9!2)!,(.(,!<*0112)3!+<<29()61!2)!! ! 8)92+""""""""""""""""""""""""###! !!=!! T+H,(!&#&! 423)252<+)<(!05!+)9!6*()9!2)!,(.(,!<*0112)3!5+6+,262(1!2)!! ! ! 8)92+"""""""""""""""""""""""#"##!!!!F! T+H,(!&#%! 423)252<+)<(!05!+)9!6*()9!2)!,(.(,!<*0112)3!2)\:*2(1!2)!! ! ! 8)92+""""""""""""""""""""""""#"!!!F! T+H,(!&#=! -(.(,!<*0112)31!0)!6>(!8)92+)!C+2,A+71!)(6A0*ZR!H7!67G("##"!!!N! T+H,(!&#D! /+:1(1!05!+<<29()61!+6!;+))(9!,(.(,!<*0112)31R!$II%_I=! ! 60!$II?_IN#"""""""""""""""""""""#####!!!I! T+H,(!&#F! -(.(,!<*0112)3!<>+*+<6(*2162<1!+)9!G(*50*;+)<(R!H7!a0)+,! ! ! *+2,A+7""##""##""""""""""""""""##""##!$$! T+H,(!&#?! TOW!<*26(*2+!50*!,(.(,!<*0112)3!67G("""""""""""####!$%! T+H,(!&#N! /*26(*2+!50*!;+))2)3!05!:)G*06(<6(9!,(.(,!<*0112)31"""###"#!$%! T+H,(!&#I! [(+1:*(1!05!6>(!2;G0*6+)<(!05!*+2,A+7!,2)(1!:1(9!60!! ! ! (16+H,21>!,(.(,!<*0112)3!;+))2)3!G*20*262(1"""""""""!$=! T+H,(!&#$J! @)):+,!G,+)!05!,(.(,!<*0112)3!<0).(*120)!60!;+))(9!16+6:1"##!$=! T+H,(!&#$$! -(.(,!<*0112)3!2)16+,,+620)1!H7!67G(R!81,+;2<!C(G:H,2<!05! ! ! 8*+)!#""""""""""""""""""""""""#! &J! T+H,(!&#$&! T*()9!2)!,(.(,!<*0112)3!):;H(*1""""""""""""!! &=! T+H,(!&#$%! T*()9!2)!,(.(,!<*0112)3!+<<29()61""#"""""""""##! &=! T+H,(!&#$=! T*()9!2)!,(.(,!<*0112)3!+<<29()6!*+6(1"#""""""""##! &D! T+H,(!&#$D! T7G(1!05!,(.(,!<*0112)31!0G(*+620)+,!2)!$III"#"""""##! &F! T+H,(!&#$F!! T*()9!2)!6>(!):;H(*1!05!(+<>!;+))(9!<*0112)3!67G("#""! &?! T+H,(!&#$?! T*()9!2)!6>(!):;H(*1!05!(+<>!:);+))(9!<*0112)3!67G(""#! &?! T+H,(!&#$N! -(.(,!<*0112)3!<,+11252<+620)!2)!6>(!C:112+)!M(9(*+620)""#! &?!! T+H,(!&#$I! Y216*2H:620)!05!+,,!,(.(,!<*0112)31R!H7!6*+552<!9()1267!<,+11!"#! &N! T+H,(!&#&J! P:;H(*!+)9!9()1267!05!,(.(,!<*0112)31!2)!O2(6!P+;""##"#! %%! T+H,(!&#&$! C0+9!<,+11252<+620)!1716(;!2)!O2(6!P+;!""""""##""#! %N! T+H,(!&#&&! S*0G01(9!-(.(,!/*0112)3!WG3*+92)3!S*03*+;;(R! ! O2(6!P+;!""""""""""""""""""""""! =J! T+H,(!&#&%! -(.(,!<*0112)3!+<<29()61R!$INN_$IIN!"""""""""##!! =D!! T+H,(!&#&=! -(.(,!<*0112)3!5+6+,262(1R!$INN_$IIN!""""""""""#! =F! T+H,(!&#&D! -(.(,!<*0112)3!2)\:*2(1R!$INN_$IIN!""""""""""##!! =?! T+H,(!&#&F! Y()1267!05!,(.(,!<*0112)31!+)9!):;H(*R!H7!67G(!"""""#! =?! T+H,(!&#&?! -(.(,!<*0112)3!G0G:,+620)R!H7!6(<>)2<+,!<,+11252<+620)"""! =I! T+H,(!%#$! /0161!05!@TS!Kb!;2,,20)L!"""""""""""""""##! D%! T+H,(!%#&! @<<29()61!+6!G*06(<6(9!,(.(,!<*0112)31R!$!@G*2,!$II$_! ! ! %$![+*<>!$II&"#""""""""""""""""""#! FJ! T+H,(!%#%! '*011!0:6G:6!+)9!cTS!16+62162<+,!,25(!.+,:+620)1!:1(9!H7! ! W)26(9!X2)390;!Y(G+*6;()6!05!T*+)1G0*6!50*!*0+9!! +<<29()61""""""""""""""""""""""! F%! T+H,(!%#=! -(.(,!<*0112)31!2)!]+G+)R!H7!<,+11"""""""""""! N%! T+H,(!%#D! -(.(,!<*0112)3!+<<29()61!+)9!<+1:+,62(1R!H7!<,+11!05! ! <*0112)3""""""""""""""""""""""#!! N=! v LIST OF TABLES!K/0)62):(9L! Page T+H,(!%#F! P:;H(*1!05!$16!<,+11!,(.(,!<*0112)31!+)9!<*0112)3!! ! 0H16*:<620)!9(6(<60*1!K<#0#9#L!0)!]C!U+16!1716(;##""""##!! ND! T+H,(!%#?! C+2,A+7!@<<29()61!+)9!-(.(,!/*0112)3!@<<29()61!2)!! ! ! ]+G+)""""""""""""""""""""""""! NF! T+H,(!%#N! C+2,A+7!+<<29()61!2)!]+G+)!$IINR!H7!G*2;+*7!<+:1("""##!!