100%RES A challenge for Island Sustainable Development Edited by: Cipriano Marín Luis Manuel Alves Arthouros Zervos Published by: INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TÉCNICO Research Group on Energy and Sustainable Development, Mechanical Engineering Department (Lisbon-Portugal). UNESCO CENTER OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 2005 With the collaboration of: EREC (European Renewable Energy Council) ITER (Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables - Tenerife) NTUA-RENES (National Technical University of Athens - Unit for Renewable Energy Sources) INSULA (Organisations and Institutions that promoted the Island Conferences and Meetings of reference). Edited by: Cipriano Marín Luis Alves Arthouros Zervos Design and Layout: Luis Mir Revision: Giuseppe Orlando Translation: GABINETE ERASMUS Giuseppe Orlando (Introduction) Printed by: TENYDEA S.L. ISBN 84-609-6326-8 INDEX PREFACE MARIA DA GRAÇA CARVALHO ................................................................................................. 9 INTRODUCTION RES FOR PARADISE TOWARDS 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES SUPPLY STRATEGY CIPRIANO MARÍN ............................................................................................................... .... 11 RES AND ISLANDS RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT & ITS IMPACT ON ISLANDS ARTHOUROS ZERVOS, JOLANDA CRETTAZ, CHRISTINE LINS ......................................................... 19 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY ISLANDS. A PRACTICAL CASE: EL HIERRO TOMAS PADRÓN HERNÁNDEZ .................................................................................................. 23 END-USE VERSUS SUPPLY SIDE APPROACH FOR GHG REDUCTION IN SIDS. CASE STUDY: CAPE VERDE ISLANDS ANILDO COSTA, GONÇALO GONÇALVES, NEVEN DUIC, MARIA DA GRAÇA CARVALHO ................... 27 TOWARDS 100 % RES SUPPLY ON SAMSOE, DENMARK FIVE YEARS OF EXPERIENCES IN A PLANNING PERIOD OVER TEN YEARS SØREN HERMANSEN ............................................................................................................... 39 THE PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE AZORES ISLANDS JOSÉ MANUEL MONTEIRO DA SILVA ........................................................................................ 43 TOWARDS 100% RES SUPPLY IN THE ISLAND OF LEMNOS - GREECE GEORGE PANARAS, GEORGE CARALIS, ARTHOUROS ZERVOS, PETE GAROFALLIS ........................... 49 POWERING THE ISLAND THROUGH RENEWABLE ENERGY – A RENEWABLE ENERGY STRATEGY FOR THE ISLE OF WIGHT TO 2010 ANGELA MAWLE ................................................................................................................... 57 USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR THE PROVISION OF MODERN ENERGY SERVICES ON ISLA DE LA JUVENTUD, CUBA ALFREDO CURBELO, OSCAR JIMENEZ, KATERINA SYNGELLAKIS, MANUEL FUENTES ...................... 71 INTEGRATED POWER SYSTEM OF SERIFOS ISLAND WITH HIGH RES PENETRATION USING PUMP-STORAGE PETROS THEODOROPOULOS, ARTHOUROS ZERVOS, ZISIMOS MANTAS, GEORGE BETZIOS ................. 81 5 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN YAKUSHIMA ISLAND HYDROELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND SUBSTITUTION OF FOSSIL FUELS TAKAMI KAI, YOSHIMITSU UEMURA,TAKESHIGE TAKAHASHI, YASUO HATATE, MASAHIRO YOSHIDA. 91 SOFTWARE TOOL FOR AN ISLAND 100% RES STRATEGY MANUEL CENDAGORTA-GALARZA LÓPEZ, GUILLERMO GALVÁN GARCÍA ...................................... 99 SUSTAINABLE ELECTRIFICATION OF THE OUTER ISLANDS OF KIRIBATI TERUBENTAU AKURA, JENS MERTEN, XAVIER VALLVÉ, DANIEL SATUÉ ....................................... 107 THE ITALIAN “SUSTAINABLE ISLAND” PROGRAMME GIANNI SILVESTRINI, MARIO GAMBERALE ................................................................................ 117 NEW SCENARIOS FOR RES: THE CASES OF CUBA AND ST. LUCIA CIPRIANO MARÍN, ALFREDO CURBELO ..................................................................................... 123 ELECTRICITY STATUS AND RES DEVELOPMENT IN CORSICA ISLAND GILLES NOTTON, CHRISTIAN CRISTOFARI .................................................................................. 137 25 BIOCLIMATIC DWELLINGS FOR THE ISLAND OF TENERIFE MARI PAZ FRIEND .................................................................................................................. 155 RES - TOURISM AND WATER NEW WINDS FOR ISLAND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM CIPRIANO MARÍN ................................................................................................................... 163 INTEGRATING SELF SUPPLY INTO END USE FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM ON ISLANDS LUIS MANUEL ALVES, LUIS RORIZ, MARIA DA GRAÇA CARVALHO, JOSÉ MELIM MENDES ............. 169 INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES: THE NEW PARADIGMS IN SMALL ISLANDS DIONYSIS ASSIMACOPOULOS ................................................................................................... 183 DEMONSTRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ILLYRIAN RESORT APARTMENT SETTLEMENT IN MILNA (BRAC) FABRIS OREST, HRASTNIK I. BRANIMIR, VIDOVIC RODOLJUB, VUJCIC RANKO .............................. 189 ISLANDS IN THE SUN. SCARCE RESOURCES: SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS. WOLF MICHAEL IWAND .......................................................................................................... 199 TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF WATER DESALINATION SYSTEMS POWERED BY FOSSIL AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES NELSON MARTINS .............. ....................................................................................................... 203 6 OPTIMISING THE INTEGRATION OF HYDROGEN USAGE WITH INTERMITTENT ENERGY RESOURCES NEVEN DUIC, LUIS MANUEL ALVES, MARIA DA GRAÇA CARVALHO ............................................ 217 SYNERGISTIC PATHWAYS TOWARDS GREATER PENETRATION OF CLEAN AND RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES P. GRAVOUNIOTIS, A. BAUEN .................................................................................................. 229 FIRST GENERATION DEVICES FOR OCEAN WAVE ENERGY UTILIZATION: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGY A. F. DE O. FALCÃO .............................................................................................................. 243 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE VALORISATION AS ENERGY FOR ISOLATED COMMUNITIES G. TAVARES, V. SEMIÃO, M. G. CARVALHO, Z. ZSIGRAIOVÁ ...................................................... 255 COST EFFECTIVE BIOMASS GASIFICATION IN SMALL SCALE CHP POWER PLANTS YVES RYCKMANS, IVAN SINTZOFF, FREDERIC BOURGOIS ........................................................... 265 SIMULATION OF A HYBRID CYCLE BASED ON A SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL L. DE VITA, A. MALANDRINO, A. SCARLATO .......................................................................... 273 ADVANCED WASTE-TO-ENERGY TECHNOLOGY OFFERING SAFE AND INERT RENDERING OF RESIDUES WITH ALMOST COMPLETE VOLUME REDUCTION JENS HETLAND, STEINAR LYNUM, SVEN SANTEN ...................................................................... 283 ANNEX CHANIA DECLARATION ISLANDS TOWARDS 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES SUPPLY...................... 297 THE DECLARATION OF CANARIAS .............................................................................. 299 PALMA DE MALLORCA DECLARATION - THE CONFERENCE ON THE NEW ENERGY CHALLENGE IN THE ISLAND REGIONS .............................. 301 ACORES DECLARATION CONFERENCE “ENERGY IN THE ISLAND COMMUNITIES”....................................... 305 EUROPEAN ISLAND AGENDA ....................................................................................... 307 7 PREFACE by MARIA DA GRAÇA CARVALHO Minister for Science and Higher Education Portugal Most of the islands in the world are highly dependent from importation of fossil fuel for energy and, in many cases, also water production (sea water desalination). In general, tour- ism is a very important economic source of income in islands. Energy and water demand for tourism is high, mainly during the peak season (summer), when cooling and water needs are very important. Energy production and air conditioning systems present low efficiency, fresh water availability and storage is deficient. The energy sector is the main contributor of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions and consequently to global warming and climate change. Islands contribute to a minimum extent to total GHG emission but are in the first line to confront with sea level and climate change negative effects. Undeniably, the concentration of GHG in the atmosphere is increasing and the effect on climate is certain and the most important consequence for Islands is the sea level rise along with extreme meteorological events aggravation. Technical and technological solutions for GHG emission reduction and mitigation from energy sector exist, but still face non-technical barriers that inhibit their full deployment at the global level. However, due to their particular geographic and economical characteristics, many of these barriers are not present in Islands. It is the case for example, of price barrier for Renewable Energy Sources. In general, fuel price is higher in islands and some renew- able technology can be competitive. Also, Island has a particular interest in promote New and Renewable Energy Technologies regardless to their cost, in order to protect their fragile environments, and, for these reasons, Islands are a positive example for the whole World. One of the most important means to increase efficiency and to reduce pollution and CO2 emissions, is to organize and rationalize the energy systems, mainly by the rational produc- tion and consumption of the energy produced and the use of endogenous energy sources. In general, the islands present great potentiality in renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, geothermal,