An Evaluation Report Prepared for the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Sustainable Livelihoods Division, by the Human Sciences Research Council AN OUTCOMES EVALUATION OF THE Nkowankowa Demonstration Centre FRUIT PROCESSORS FACTORY IN NKOWANKOWA, GREATER TZANEEN, LIMPOPO PROVINCE An Independent Evaluation conducted by the HSRC Final Report 10 February 2017 Project Managers Dr Evans Mupela Stewart Ngandu Contact Dr Evans Mupela, Research Specialist, EPD [email protected] +27 12 302 2257 Human Sciences Research Council Acknowledgements The team wishes to express its gratitude to the Department of Science and Technology, who initiated and funded the study. In particular, warm gratitude is due to all members of the Project Steering Committee for their strategic guidance and support throughout the study period. The findings reported in this study are those of the independent evaluators and do not necessarily reflect the views of any other party. Research Team: Dr Evans Mupela; Stewart Ngandu; Khanyisa Mkhabele; Sam Hlangwane; Israel Nelwamondo; Mmantsha Seshibe; Lineo Sakoane; Samantha Senosha; Sinazo Nkosi; Maria Molokomme; Alexandra Mhula Links; and Kgabo Ramoroka i Table of Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Aim, Objectives and Evaluation question .............................................................................................. 2 1.2 Focus of the evaluation ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Evaluation question ............................................................................................................................... 2 2 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Definitions of Agro processing .............................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Classification of Agro Processing ........................................................................................................... 4 2.3 The Rise of Agro Processing .................................................................................................................. 4 2.4 The Agro Processing Value Chain .......................................................................................................... 6 2.5 Agro Processing, Entrepreneurship and Employment ........................................................................... 7 2.6 Agro Processing and Technology........................................................................................................... 8 2.7 Agro Processing and Gender ................................................................................................................. 8 2.8 The Role of Government in Promoting Agro Processing ....................................................................... 8 3 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Evaluation Framework ........................................................................................................................ 11 3.2 Theory based evaluation ..................................................................................................................... 11 3.3 Theory of Change: Framing the logic for the NDC factory outcome evaluation ................................. 12 3.4 Evaluation Criteria ............................................................................................................................... 15 3.5 Evaluation Methods and Instruments ................................................................................................. 18 3.5.1 Mixed Methods ............................................................................................................................... 18 3.5.2 In-depth interviews ......................................................................................................................... 19 3.5.3 Key informant interviews ................................................................................................................ 20 3.5.4 Focus Group Discussions ................................................................................................................. 20 3.5.5 Household Survey ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.5.6 Sampling ......................................................................................................................................... 21 3.5.7 Comparison Group .......................................................................................................................... 24 3.6 Research Ethics Approval .................................................................................................................... 24 3.7 Pilot study ............................................................................................................................................ 24 3.8 Data collection and Analysis ............................................................................................................... 25 3.8.1 Quantitative Data ........................................................................................................................... 25 3.8.2 Qualitative Data .............................................................................................................................. 25 3.8.3 Limitations of the evaluation .......................................................................................................... 25 4 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 26 4.1 Suppliers .............................................................................................................................................. 26 4.1.1 Demographics ................................................................................................................................. 26 4.1.2 Business Activity ............................................................................................................................. 29 2 4.1.3 Discussion of findings ..................................................................................................................... 37 4.2 Entrepreneurs ...................................................................................................................................... 38 4.2.1 Demographics ................................................................................................................................. 39 4.2.2 Business Activity ............................................................................................................................. 39 4.2.3 Discussion of Findings ..................................................................................................................... 45 4.3 Household Outcomes .......................................................................................................................... 45 4.3.1 Household Demographic Profile ..................................................................................................... 46 4.3.2 Household Income Sources ............................................................................................................ 51 4.3.3 Household Income Diversification .................................................................................................. 53 4.3.4 Household income and changes in per-capita income ................................................................... 55 4.4 Selection of beneficiaries ..................................................................................................................... 56 4.5 Recruitment Criteria ............................................................................................................................ 57 4.6 Household and Personal Benefits from Working in the Factory .......................................................... 60 4.6.1 Benefits to specific sub-groups and the community ...................................................................... 61 4.7 On the job training .............................................................................................................................. 62 4.8 Emerging Impacts of factory operations ............................................................................................. 65 4.9 Self-assessed intervention changes ..................................................................................................... 66 4.10 Other Fruit Processing factories in the community ............................................................................. 66 4.11 Discussion on Benefits & Selection ...................................................................................................... 67 4.12 Expenditure outcomes and quality of life ............................................................................................ 69 4.12.1 Expenditure Patterns of Households .......................................................................................... 69 4.12.2 Asset Accumulation