ATME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 13th KM Stone, Bannur Road, Mysuru-570 028 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (ACADEMIC YEAR 2016-17) NOTES OF LESSON SUBJECT: ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SUB CODE: 10EC64 SEMESTER: VI INSTITUTIONAL MISSION AND VISION MISSION: To keep pace with advancements in knowledge and make the students competitive and capable at the global level. To create an environment for the students to accquire the right physical,intellectual,emotional and moral foundations and shine as tourchbearers of tomorrow's scociety. To strive to attain ever-higher benchmarks of educational excellence VISION: Development of academically excellent,culturally vibrant,socially responsible and globally competent human resources. DEPARTMENT VISION AND MISSION MISSION: To provide State-of-art technical education in Electronics and Communication at undergraduate and post-graduate levels to meet the needs of the profession and society. To adopt the best educational methods and achieve excellence in teaching- learning and research. To develop talented and committed human resource, by providing an opportunity for innovation, creativity and entrepreneurial leadership with high standards of professional ethics, transparency and accountability. To function collaboratively with technical Institutes/Universities/Industries and offer opportunities for long-term interaction with academia and industry. To facilitate effective interactions among faculty and students, and promote networking with alumni, industries, institutions and other stake-holders. VISION: To develop highly skilled and globally competent professionals in the field of Electronics and Communication Engineering to meet industrial and social requirements with ethical responsibility. PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND PROGRAMME OUTCOMES PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POS) Engineering Graduates will be able to: PO1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems. PO2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences. PO3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations. PO4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions. PO5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations. PO6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice. PO7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development. PO8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice. PO9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings. PO10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions. PO11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments. PO12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change. PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOS) At the end of graduation the student will be able, To comprehend the fundamental ideas in Electronics and Communication Engineering and apply them to identify, formulate and effectively solve complex engineering problems using latest tools and techniques. To work successfully as an individual pioneer, team member and as a leader in assorted groups, having the capacity to grasp any requirement and compose viable solutions. To be articulate, write cogent reports and make proficient presentations while yearning for continuous self improvement. To exhibit honesty, integrity and conduct oneself responsibly, ethically and legally; holding the safety and welfare of the society paramount. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS) Graduates will have a successful professional career and will be able to pursue higher education and research globally in the field of Electronics and Communication Engineering thereby engaging in lifelong learning. Graduates will be able to analyse, design and create innovative products by adapting to the current and emerging technologies while developing a conscience for environmental/ societal impact. Graduates with strong character backed with professional attitude and ethical values will have the ability to work as a member and as a leader in a team. Graduates with effective communication skills and multidisciplinary approach will be able to redefine problems beyond boundaries and develop solutions to complex problems of today’s society. ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION Subject Code : 10EC64 IA Marks : 25 No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03 Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100 UNIT - 1 ANTENNA BASICS: Introduction, basic Antenna parameters, patterns, beam area, radiation intensity, beam efficiency, diversity and gain, antenna apertures, effective height, bandwidth, radiation efficiency, antenna temperature and antenna filed zones. 7 Hrs UNIT - 2 POINT SOURCES AND ARRAYS: Introduction, point sources, power patterns, power theorem, radiation intensity, filed patterns, phase patterns. Array of two isotropic point sources. End fire array and Broadside array. 6 Hrs UNIT - 3 ELECTRIC DIPOLES AND THIN LINEAR ANTENNAS: Introduction, short electric dipole, fields of a short dipole (no derivation of field components), radiation resistance of short dipole, radiation resistances of lambda/ 2 Antenna, thin linear antenna, micro strip arrays, low side lobe arrays, long wire antenna, folded dipole antennas. 7 Hrs UNIT - 4 & 5 LOOP, SLOT, PATCH AND HORN ANTENNA: Introduction, small loop, comparison of far fields of small loop and short dipole, loop antenna general case, far field patterns of circular loop, radiation resistance, directivity, slot antenna, Babinet’s principle and complementary antennas, impedance of complementary and slot antennas, patch antennas, horn antennas, rectangular horn antennas. 12 Hrs UNIT - 6 ANTENNA TYPES: Helical Antenna, Yagi-Uda array, corner reflectors, parabolic reflectors, log periodic antenna, lens antenna, antenna for special applications – sleeve antenna, turnstile antenna, Omni directional antennas, antennas for satellite antennas for ground penetrating radars, embedded antennas, ultra wide band antennas, plasma antenna, high-resolution data, intelligent antennas, antenna for remote sensing. 8 Hrs UNIT - 7 & 8 RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION: Introduction, Ground wave propagation, free space propagation, ground reflection, surface wave, diffraction. TROPOSPHERE WAVE PROPAGATION: Troposcopic scatter, Ionosphere propagation, electrical properties of the ionosphere, effects of earth’s magnetic field. 10 Hrs TEXT BOOKS: 1. Antennas and Wave Propagation, John D. Krauss, 4th Edn,McGraw-Hill International edition, 2010. 2. Antennas and Wave Propagation - Harish and Sachidananda: Oxford Press 2007 REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Antenna Theory Analysis and Design - C A Balanis, 3rd Edn, John Wiley India Pvt. Ltd, 2008 2. Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems - Sineon R Saunders, John Wiley, 2003. 3. Antennas and wave propagation - G S N Raju: Pearson Education 2005. Antennas and Propagation UNIT 1: ANTENNA BASICS Structure 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Basic Antenna parameters 1.3 Antenna temperature and antenna filed zones 1.4 Patterns 1.5 Beam Area 1.6 Radiation Intensity 1.7 Beam efficiency 1.8 Directivity and Gain 1.9 Effective aperture 1.10 Effective Height 1.11 Radiation efficiency 1.12 Radio Communication link 1.13 Antenna Field Zones 1.14 Questions 1.15 Outcomes 1.16 Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION An antenna is used to radiate electromagnetic energy efficiently and in desired directions. Antennas act as matching systems between sources of electromagnetic energy and space. Antenna is a source or radiator of Electromagnetic waves or a sensor of Electromagnetic waves. It is a transition device or transducer between a guided wave and a free space wave or vice versa. It is also an electrical conductor or system of conductors that radiates EM energy into or collects EM energy from free space.