Apollo Gray Team Lunar Landing Design - Final Report - May 16, 2007 System Architecture Guidance, Navigation & Control Bryan Gardner Lucy Cohan Wilfried Hofstetter Swati Mohan Ryan McLinko Rebecca Myers Ben Renkoski Human Factors Operations Tatsuya Arai Phillip Cunio Melanie Chin Christine Edwards Elizabeth Deems Carl Engel Jaime Mateus Zahra Khan Apollo Gray Lunar Landing Design 1 5/16/2007 Table of Contents Table of Contents......................................................................................................................... 2 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables................................................................................................................................. 5 Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 6 2. Systems Architecture .............................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Review of Lunar Landing Concepts................................................................................ 7 2.2 Reference Lunar Lander Design................................................................................... 10 2.3 Systems Architecture Summary.................................................................................... 13 3. Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GNC) ........................................................................ 14 3.1 Trajectory .......................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Hardware .......................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.1 Sensors ......................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.2 Actuators...................................................................................................................... 18 3.2.3 Apollo Hardware Comparison ..................................................................................... 18 3.3 Control and Estimation ................................................................................................... 19 3.3.1 Control Architecture and Comparison to Apollo......................................................... 19 3.3.2 Control Architecture Flow ........................................................................................... 19 3.4 Simulation and Results................................................................................................... 20 3.4.1 Simulation Formulation ............................................................................................... 20 3.4.2 Simulation Control Architecture.................................................................................. 21 3.4.2 Simulation Results ....................................................................................................... 21 3.4.3 Monte Carlo Analysis and Results............................................................................... 22 3.5 GNC Summary and Conclusions .................................................................................. 23 4. Human Factors....................................................................................................................... 23 4.1. Lunar Lander Control..................................................................................................... 24 4.1.1 Design Requirements................................................................................................... 24 4.1.2 Number of Crew Members in the Control Loop.......................................................... 24 4.1.3 Supervisory Control..................................................................................................... 24 4.1.4 Task Areas and Crewmember Responsibilities ........................................................... 25 4.1.5. External Cameras........................................................................................................ 25 4.2. Display Design ................................................................................................................ 26 4.2.1 Landing Display........................................................................................................... 26 4.2.2 Situational Awareness Display .................................................................................... 27 4.2.3 Systems Status Display................................................................................................ 28 4.2.4 Window........................................................................................................................ 28 4.3. Interior Design and Anthropometry.............................................................................. 28 4.3.1. Total Volume .............................................................................................................. 28 4.3.2. Cockpit Anthropometry .............................................................................................. 28 4.3.3 Input devices ................................................................................................................ 29 4.3.4. Life Support Systems.................................................................................................. 29 4.4. Crew Selection and Training ........................................................................................ 30 4.4.1 Crew Selection............................................................................................................. 30 Apollo Gray Lunar Landing Design 2 5/16/2007 4.4.2 Crew Training .............................................................................................................. 30 4.4.3 Workload and Situational Awareness Testing............................................................. 32 5. Operations............................................................................................................................... 33 5.1 Introduction to Operations.............................................................................................. 33 5.2 Nominal Landing Operations ......................................................................................... 33 5.3 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis ............................................................................. 34 5.4 Flight Rules....................................................................................................................... 36 5.5 Abort Procedures............................................................................................................. 36 5.6 Impact of Technological Developments....................................................................... 37 5.7 Mission Control and Public Impact ............................................................................... 37 6. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 38 7. Annotated References .......................................................................................................... 40 7.1 Systems Architecture References ................................................................................ 40 7.2 Guidance, Navigation & Control.................................................................................... 41 7.3 Human Factors................................................................................................................. 44 7.4 Operations ........................................................................................................................ 45 8. Appendices ............................................................................................................................. 48 8.1 System Architecture Appendices .................................................................................. 48 8.1.1 Lunar Lander Concepts................................................................................................ 48 8.1.2 Lunar Mission Modes .................................................................................................. 49 8.1.3 Lunar Landing Morphological Matrix......................................................................... 50 8.1.4 Lunar Lander Concept Comparisons ........................................................................... 52 8.2 GN&C Appendices .......................................................................................................... 53 8.2.1 Hardware Comparisons................................................................................................ 53 8.3 Human Factors Tables and Figures ............................................................................. 55 8.4 Operations Team Appendices....................................................................................... 62 8.4.1 Full Nominal Procedure............................................................................................... 62