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BioFactors 7, 93–101. 1996, Antioxidant Treatment With Phenyl- Yu, BP., 1999, Approaches to Anti-Aging İntervention: Atert-Butyl Nitrone (PBN) İmproves The The Promises And The Uncertainties. Cognitive Performance And Survival Of Mechanisms of Ageing and Aging Rats. Neurosci.Lett. 205, 181–184. Development.111, 73–87. Science, Movement and Health, Vol. XIII, ISSUE 2 supplement, 2013 September 2013, 13 (2), 766-772 FORGOTTEN HEROES OF ANCIENT GREEK OLYMPIC GAMES JIŘÍ KOUŘIL1 Abstract The aim. This contribution of history of sport deals with the biggest four sportsmen of Ancient Greece, the winners and Olympic record holders (Leonidas, Ladas, Arrhachion and Milon). Each of them represented different athletic discipline. After a brief introduction about the Olympic Games, the contribution concentrates on the sportsmen, their lives, career and influention, and also speaks about the disciplines in which they represented their polis. Some of them (Ladas, Arrhachion) entered into history not only because of their great performances and victories, but also because of their own agitated fates and premature tragic death. Objectives. The main objective of this contribution is to describe lives, career and influention of the famous ancient Greek sportsmen. Methods of research. Historical literature review. Conclusions. This contribution should be revival of ancient sport and great Greek athlets, whose heritage survived in the 1Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, CZECH REPUBLIC Email: [email protected] 766 Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport / SCIENCE, MOVEMENT AND HEALTH Vol. XIII, ISSUE 2 Supplement, 2013, Romania The journal is indexed in: Ebsco, SPORTDiscus, INDEX COPERNICUS JOURNAL MASTER LIST, DOAJ DIRECTORY OF OPEN ACCES JOURNALS, Caby, Gale Cengace Learning, Cabell’s Directories modern Olympic Games till nowadays. Unfortunatelly, today the agon was reemplaced by sport and we are forgetting those, who we should thanks for the heritage of the Olympic Games and also we are forgetting those, who were often bearers of Greek ideals of kalokagathia, arete, ekecheiria, andreia, aristeia. Today, a lot of sportsmen could learn of their determination, honour and inmaterial approach to life. Key words: Ancient Olympic Games, Heroes, Greek ideals. Introduction 4615m). This contribution of history of sport deals with - Since 18th Olympic Games (708 B. C.) the the biggest four sportsmen of Ancient Greece, the Games were amplified with a fight (pale, the fight was winners and olympic record holders (Leonidas, Ladas, ended after one of the rivals had touched three times Arrhachion and Milon). Each of them represented the ground with a part of his body except for his sole) different athletic discipline. and pentathlon (pantathlon), which was formed by a After a brief introduction about the Olympic dromos, a long jump (sometimes it could be triple Games, the contribution concentrates on the sportsmen, jump, the sportsmen helped themselves with so called their lives, career and influention, and also speaks haleras - the weights from 1 to 5 kg, which had to about the disciplines in which they represented their intensify the speed of take-off, the angle of lift-off, and country. throwing the weights before the fall should have Some of them (Ladas, Arrhachion) entered extended the jump), throwing the discus (probably with into history not only because of their great a turn), throwing the javelin (the javelin as thick as performances and victories, but also because of their fingers and as long as a man was loaded on its end and own agitated fates and premature tragic death. had a 40 cm long leather loop for putting the index- Leonidas of Rhodos could keep his laurels for finger and the middle-finger, which prolonged the sprint and a triastes title (triple winner) for at least 12 throw even three times) and a fight. The pentathlon years. took place in one day, we are not sure about the Ladas of Sparta, a long-distance runner and original order of the disciplines. maybe the most famous ancient sportsman of all times, - Since 23rd Olympic Games (688 B. C.) pygme paid for his incredible victory with his life. Myron or pyx (a fist fight, boxing) was included into the himself made his statue, maybe even more perfect than Games – it was permited everything except for the hits Discobolos. to the genitalia and holding of the rival. The fight was A pancratist Arrhachion of Figalia, a multiple unlimited, but if it was too long, so called klimax winner and a winner in memoriam, had similar tragic (gradation) happened, when after a lottery the boxer fate. In the history of the Olympic Games, Arrhachion had to accept a hit without cover and if he resisted, he was the first sportsman who tragically died. had the right to the same retaliation. There were The last part of the contribution is dedicated to frequent deformations of faces, broken noses and teeth, Milon of Croton, another great sportsman who even the death. tragically died, although not in the Olympic Games. - Since 33rd Olympic Games (648 B. C.) there The number of Milon's victories in fight was not appeared a combination of boxing and fight called overcome not in the ancient neither in the modern pankration (permited everythnig except fot the hits to Olympic Games. Simonides himself made up the lines the genitalia, biting and scratching) and horse races engraved in the Milon's statue. Milon was not only a hippos keles (later also races with a team of two and a great athlet but also a thinker. He was a disciple of one team of four horses or mules, a team of four foals, of the biggest ancient philosophers – Pythagoras of riding a foal, riding a not-saddled mare with a jumping Samos. This is why we can consider him one of the down and running to the meta). ideal representative od kalokagathia. - Since 37th Olympic Games (632 B. C.) the Essay content Hellen youth took part in the Games. The Olympic Games (the first documented - Since 65th Olympic Games (520 B. C.) Games took place in 776 B. C.) belonged to the most another runner's discipline – the race of hoplites, so famous in Greece, its organizer (although maybe not called hoplitodromos (it was a two staduim's lengths from the start) was the Elida community. In ancient running race - diaulos - with full armour and later, times the Games were formed only by a one whole since 450 B. C., only with a shield and a helmet). After staduim's length running race (192,27m), called dromos the introducing of hoplitodromos , the 3rd sprint or stadion, and religious ceremonies. The Games were discipline, there could come into existence a honorary amplified step by step, most of all thanks to Sparta: degree triastés (triple winner), awarded to triple - Since 15th Olympic Games (720 B. C.) there winners (dromos, diaulos, hoplitodromos) of one was a two staduim's lengths running race, so called Games in Olympia. Altogether only six runners diaulos (dromos with a turn, 384,5m), and dolichos , a recieved the title (the first one was Fanas of Pellena, long-distance race (7-24 stadium's lengths, 1346 – others were for example Leonidas of Rhodos, 767 Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport / SCIENCE, MOVEMENT AND HEALTH Vol.