www.ebook777.com IN DEFIANCE OF BOUNDARIES University Press of Florida Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee New College of Florida, Sarasota University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola www.ebook777.com IN DEFIANCE OF BOUNDARIES Anarchism in Latin American History Edited by Geoffroy de Laforcade and Kirwin Shaffer University Press of Florida Gainesville · Tallahassee · Tampa · Boca Raton Pensacola · Orlando · Miami · Jacksonville · Ft. Myers · Sarasota Publication of this book was made possible in part by a grant from Penn State University–Berks College. Copyright 2015 by Geoffroy de Laforcade and Kirwin Shaffer All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper This book may be available in an electronic edition. 20 19 18 17 16 15 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data In defiance of boundaries : anarchism in Latin American history / edited by Geoffroy de Laforcade and Kirwin Shaffer. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8130-6110-8 1. Anarchism—Latin America—History. 2. Latin America—Politics and government— 20th century. I. Laforcade, Geoffroy de, editor. II. Shaffer, Kirwin R., editor. HX850.5.I5 2015 335'.83098—dc23 2015008841 The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, New College of Florida, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://www.upf.com www.ebook777.com Contents Acknowledgments / vii Introduction: The Hidden Story Line of Anarchism in Latin American History / 1 Geoffroy de Laforcade and Kirwin Shaffer Part I. Crossing Borders: Internationalism, Solidarity, and Transnationalism 1. Cuban Cigar Makers in Havana, Key West, and Ybor City, 1850s–1890s: A Single Universe? / 25 Evan Matthew Daniel 2. Panama Red: Anarchist Politics and Transnational Networks in the Panama Canal Zone, 1904–1913 / 48 Kirwin Shaffer 3. Moving between the Global and the Local: The Industrial Workers of the World and Their Press in Latin America / 72 Anton Rosenthal 4. The FACA and the FAI: Argentine Anarchists and the Revolution in Spain, 1930–1939 / 95 James Baer Part II. Harnessing the Collective: Labor, Culture, and Counterhegemonic Movements 5. From Anarchists to “Anarcho-Batllistas”: Populism and Labor Legislation in Uruguay / 117 Lars Peterson 6. Rebel Soul: Cultural Politics and Cuban Anarchism, 1890s–1920s / 142 Kirwin Shaffer 7. From Workers’ Militancy to Cultural Action: Brazilian Anarchism in Rio Grande do Sul, 1890s–1940s / 162 Beatriz Ana Loner 8. Memories and Temporalities of Anarchist Resistance: Community Traditions, Labor Insurgencies, and Argentine Shipyard Workers, Early 1900s to Late 1950s / 185 Geoffroy de Laforcade Part III. The Personal to the Popular: Nation, Identity, and Gender 9. From Radicals to Heroes of the Republic: Anarchism and National Identity in Costa Rica, 1900–1977 / 219 David Díaz-Arias 10. Magonismo, the Revolution, and the Anarchist Appropriation of an Imagined Mexican Indigenous Identity / 243 Shawn England 11. Anarchist Visions of Race and Space in Northern Perú, 1898–1922 / 261 Steven J. Hirsch 12. Anarchists and Alterity: The Expulsion of Casimiro Barrios from Chile, 1920 / 281 Raymond Craib 13. The Anarchist Wager of Sexual Emancipation in Argentina, 1900–1930 / 302 Laura Fernández Cordero Epilogue. Transference, Culture, and Critique: The Circulation of Anarchist Ideas and Practices / 326 José C. Moya Bibliography / 335 List of Contributors / 369 Index / 373 www.ebook777.com Acknowledgments As noted in the introduction, this project has been brewing for close to a decade, and over those years we have encountered many people who have given wonderful advice and support to see this book to its fruition. First, we must thank our families for the long hours away from them that led to the book that you have in your hands. Second, we wish to thank the editors and staff at University Press of Florida. During the long course of reviews, we worked with a supportive cast of editors, including our original supporter, Amy Gorelick, followed by Sonia Dickey, Meredith Babb, and Erika Stevens. All were consistently positive in their critiques and helped us to weather shifting editors as well as cranky and disappearing reviewers. Third, we wish to thank our respective universities—Norfolk State Univer- sity and Penn State University–Berks College—for moral and occasional financial support in developing this project. Fourth, we are thankful to the authors of this volume not only for their exceptional chapters that help to illustrate the diversity of anarchism in Latin America but also for their pa- tience. Fifth, we are indebted to many individuals for their insightful (and sometimes frustrating) comments. This book could not have reached this point without frequent readings from Barry Carr, suggestions from Steve Hirsch, the epilogue by José Moya, and comments by David Struthers. To our readers: we trust that this book will help you appreciate Latin American anarchism in new and enriching ways. Cheers! www.ebook777.com Introduction The Hidden Story Line of Anarchism in Latin American History Geoffroy de Laforcade and Kirwin Shaffer Many of us were graduate students in the mid-1990s when anarchist history became a growing focus of research on a worldwide scale. This trend grew out of new directions in the history of labor and social history, gender and ethnic studies, the world-historical turn in migration studies and intellec- tual history, and, most of all, the crisis in socialist and Marxist ideologies that followed the long-anticipated collapse of state-sponsored social engi- neering. Scholars and activists struggled with outdated teleological para- digms of modernization and class formation, particularly in Latin America, where ominous cracks in the national-popular state, and the dependency theories upon which it rested, were just beginning to birth the social upris- ings that would rattle the continent from Chiapas and Oaxaca to La Paz and Buenos Aires. Many on the left welcomed the demise of authoritar- ian regimes, cautiously embracing the democratic and globalizing claims of grassroots social movements, liberal democracy, and human rights but were weary of the cheerleading and celebrations heralded by right-leaning advocates of an “end of history.” In this climate, activists and scholars began to reinvestigate the era of diverse, contending socialisms that culminated in the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. In Latin America itself, Marxism had made only timid appearances in the waning nineteenth century, and Communist Parties did not emerge until the 1920s. By this time anarchists had been active throughout the hemisphere for four decades. Even prior to expressions of modern anarchism, socialist utopianism had existed in Latin America throughout the nineteenth century. In 1828 Robert Owen requested permission to create a collectivist commune in the Mexican state of Texas, and an Icarian settlement inspired by Étienne 2 · Geoffroy de Laforcade and Kirwin Shaffer Cabet appeared after the territory’s annexation by the United States. A Fou- rierist “phalanstery” or cooperative was created in Aguascalientes in 1850.1 The Greek immigrant Plotino Rhodakanaty spread the ideas of Charles Fourier and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon among artisans, peasants, and indig- enous communities and launched a “School of Reason and Socialism” in Chalco, Mexico, in 1855.2 That same year, shortly after the fall of the -Bo gotá Commune, Élisée Reclus, the Belgian geographer who later became an influential spokesperson for anarchist communism, experimented in Co- lombia’s Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta with a rural commune. Located on land confiscated from the latifundistas, it was worked by European, Asian, and indigenous artisans and peasants whose empowerment was violently negated by liberal elites. The significance of this experience was not lost on future historians of Colombia who recognized its countercultural challenge to the creole ideologues’ definition of national identity.3 Italian immigrants who flocked to Brazil during the expansion of the coffee economy in the late nineteenth century also launched utopian ex- periments of rural communitarian organization such as the Guararema plantation and the Colónia Cecilia in the 1890s. The former was established in the final months of the monarchy by the artisan jeweler Artur Cam- pagnoli with the help of Italian, Spanish, Russian, French, and Brazilian colonists—the latter in Palmeiras, in the southern state of Paraná, where another Italian anarchist, Giovanni Rossi, received a land grant from the departing Portuguese emperor to establish a utopian colony based on uni- versal equality and free love.4 Both experiments reflected the utopian and experimental aspirations of new immigrants who believed, like the Bue- nos Aires–based French anarchist Joaquín Alejo Falconnet (alias Pierre Quiroule),