QUOTATION: What does history have in store for architecture today? Robin Boyd and the Quotation Translating Public Words to Public Building Dr Peter Raisbeck The University of Melbourne Dr Christine Phillips RMIT University Abstract The work of the Australian architect and public intellectual Robin Boyd includes architecture, exhibition designs, multi-media presentations and of course an extensive list of publications and writings. Boyd produced work as an architectural historian, polemicist and practitioner. As a writer and also an architect, as Philip Goad has suggested, Boyd was like a Bower Bird, collecting and cobbling together elements from different sources. By beginning to develop a framework that positions and locates Boyd’s written works alongside his projects we gain a greater understanding of the connection between his architectural designs and his writing. While many historians have focused on Boyd’s earlier house designs, his later public works and writings deserve greater interrogation. This research establishes the extent to which Boyd used architectural quotation, how these quotations were presented and structured in his written work and how they informed his built work. The research adopts a framework focused on a discursive analysis of Boyd’s journal articles and books of the 1960s to his death in 1971 that are chronologically mapped to his public building projects during this time. This analysis reveals how Boyd’s works and writings from 1960-1967 depict a relatively consistent commitment to a universal modernism tempered through a regional lense. On the other hand, Boyd’s later writings and works from 1968 through to his death in 1971, diverge into a less coherant and fragmented body of work. This trajectory illustrates the degree to which Boyd’s Modernist Universalism changed over the course of the 1960s, his last works expressing a crisis and bewilderment in Boyd’s thoughts about modernist architecture. As we demonstrate, this also echoes the degree to which Modernist Universalism changed over the course of the 1960s as it entered into Post Modernist tendencies. 596 The 1960s and Boyd Robin Boyd was witness to the unprecedented changes and developments in the global architectural system during the 1960s. It has been argued that Boyd’s writings for international magazines “placed him on equal terms” with other architectural critics across the globe.1 What is of interest is not so much Boyd’s style or approach to writing, his credentials as a historian, polemicist or as a critic, but beginning to disentangle the relationship between Boyd’s writings and his work as an architect. His writings and projects must be considered in the context of the vortex of the 1960s. Following the demise of CIAM and the last conference at Otterloo, the modern movement came to be questioned in a number of different ways. Firstly, there was revisionism that had arisen out of CIAM itself as exemplified by the work of Team X and exemplified in the work of the Smithsons. Secondly, there was an emergence of new critiques questioning modernist urbanism and the structuring of the post war city, both in the new world and Europe: Jane Jacobs’ Life and Death of American Cities was published in 1961 and Aldo Rossi’s Architecture of the City was first published in Italian in 1966, Robert Venturi’s Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture was also published in 1996. As well as the efforts to revise modernism in the aftermath of CIAM, tumult was fostered by more extreme polemical experiments in both Europe, Britain and Japan: The work of the Groupe International d'Architecture Prospective (GIAP) in France, Archigram in Britain, and the work of extreme figures such as Constant are just a few examples. Finally, there was also, what Tafuri would call, an archaeological and nostalgic mining of history exemplified in the Italian Neo-Liberty movement, Louis Kahn and even in the constructivist allusions of James Stirling. Thrown into this cocktail of polemics, experiment and urban propaganda was the way that technology, chiefly those technologies, that arose out of aerospace and the military industrial complex, speed into popular culture and then appeared to capture the imagination of architects. The final culmination of the decade at Osaka 1970 appears to pay witness to this. By beginning to develop a framework that positions and locates Boyd’s written works alongside his projects we gain a picture of Boyd within the above context. This picture is less tainted by the mythologies that surround and seem to beleaguer his reception as a public intellectual. The Boyd Archive at the State Library of Victoria is relatively large and contains drawings of projects, written materials, multi-media and even a few objects. What can we learn from his writings and how this manifested in his built work? In order to untangle and make sense of Boyd’s output and the relationship between his writings and his design work as an architect we have employed three sources of information. These include the Avery Architectural Index which appears to accurately list Boyd’s journal publications, a catalogue list of Boyd’s book publications alongside a chronological list of Boyd’s architectural projects during the 1960s. This latter list is based on the Boyd’s archival material at the State Library of Victoria and builds on our previous work. Boyd’s writings There are a number of characteristics of Boyd’s writings that should be noted prior to mapping these writings to his architectural projects. Firstly, as Tibbitts was to note in 1972, Boyd’s activities as a SAHANZ 2017 Annual Conference Proceedings QUOTATION: What does history have in store for architecture today? writer, and indeed an architectural historian, as being secondary to Boyd’s passion to be an architect. These different aspects of Boyd’s work is both intriguing and seemingly perplexing to those who have sought to understand his legacy. For the most part, the intertwined nature of his architectural work, public utterances and writings enabled Boyd to draw from a large pool of interests and influences that he quoted from in different ways across all aspects of his work. This has made it relatively easy for different people to read and retell Boyd in different ways. Boyd is often seen as a cipher for many things in both Australian culture and as an architect embedded in the modern movement of the 1950s and 1960s. But what is significant in Tibbits above comment is the fact that he regards Boyd as a fellow architectural historian. Secondly, Philip Goad has characterised the primary streams in Boyd’s oeuvre to his activities as a both a pamphleteer and a kind of frontier architect. An architect who in Goad’s words often “created a fictional future and began a habit of speculation that was to flavour his writing for the next thirty years”.2 In a survey of Boyd’s writings, Goad has argued that the two themes that characterise Boyd’s style of writing are pamphlet and frontiers. For Goad, Boyd’s writings had a base in the pamphlets as a student as well as the fictional and speculative frontiers that he produced as a student. Goad’s essay is contained in the catalogue to Robin Boyd the architect as critic, an exhibition curated by Harriet Edquist, Karen Burns and Philip Goad in 1989. The exhibition and the associate publication brought together writings by Boyd in chronological order. It is an extensive chronology and includes books, periodical and newspaper articles, letters, broadcasts as well as notices, and ancillary information regarding Boyd’s work with various Associations and Committees. The catalogue to the exhibition also provides a chronological list of references related to Boyd’s specific buildings and projects. This is a reference list of each project and its subsequent publication either authored by Boyd himself or by other critics, architects or commentators. For example, Menzies College designed and documented in 1965 has seven listings. This includes Boyd’s own publication for the college in Living in Australia and a number of articles that appear to discuss the college after Boyd’s passing.3 Once Boyd’s publications and his non-domestic public works are compiled together in chronological order a number of patterns emerge. After a flurry of journal publications in Architectural Record and Architectural Review in the late mid to late 1950s, it can be seen that a number of Boyd’s publications well represent Boyd’s position during the 1960s. These include Kenzo Tange published in October 1962 and appears to have preceded the second edition of the Australian Ugliness which was published sometime in 1962. Puzzle of Architecture was written in 1963 and 1964 and published in 1965 and New Directions in Japanese Architecture was published in 1968. It is clear from these wriiten projects, as set out in the discussion below that his overall position in relation to modern architecture, had coalesced at this time. Boyd had begun to find solutions to the problems he flagged in The Australian Ugliness, within modern Japanese architecture, and many of Boyd’s built works quoted these sources. 598 Boyd’s notable public commissions between 1960 and 1967 (with corresponding start dates from the SLV register) included, Tower Hill (May 1961), Jimmy Watsons, (May 1961) Work for Wittners (May 1961), The ANU Zoology Building (May 1961), John Batman Motor Inn (May 1962), Balzac Restaurant (Mar 1963) Erin Street Medical centre (Mar 63), Work for Lend Lease at Apple Tree Hill Estate (Mar 63), McCaughey Court (1965), the President Motor Inn (Jul 65), Menzies College (Jul 65), the work for Expo 67(Aug 65) and the Lend Lease Castle Hill Subdivision (Aug 65).4 Figure 2. Menzies College, a residential building at La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, designed by Robin Boyd, completed in 1970, photographed by Mark Strizic.