http://www.balkaninstitut.com ITALY’S BALKAN STRATEGIES (19th – 20th Century) Edited by VOJISLAV G. PAVLOVIĆ http://www.balkaninstitut.com INSTITUT DES ETUDES BALKANIQUES ACADEMIE SERBE DES SCIENCES ET DES ARTS EDITIONS SPECIALES 123 LES STRATEGIES BALKANIQUES D’ITALIE (19e – 20e siècle) Sous la direction de Vojislav G. Pavlović Rédacteur en chef Dušan T. Bataković Directeur de l’Institut des études balkaniques ASSA BELGRADE 2015 http://www.balkaninstitut.com INSTITUTE FOR BALKAN STUDIES OF THE SERBIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS SPECIAL EDITIONS 123 ITALY’S BALKAN STRATEGIES (19th – 20th Century) Edited by Vojislav G. Pavlović Editor in chief Dušan T. Bataković Director of the Institute for Balkan Studies SASA BELGRADE 2015 http://www.balkaninstitut.com Publisher Institute for Balkan Studies Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade, Knez Mihailova 35/IV www.balkaninstitut.com e-mail: [email protected] Reviewed by Dragoljub R. Živojinović, member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Dušan T. Bataković, Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Čedomir Antić, School of Philosophy, Belgrade Second edition ISBN 978-86-7179-082-6 Th e publication of this volume has been fi nancially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia (project № 177011: History of political ideas and institutions in the Balkans in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries) http://www.balkaninstitut.com Table of Contents PREFACE . 7 Francesco Guida THE ITALIAN RISORGIMENTO AND SOUTHEAST EUROPE (1848-1870) . 11 Antonio D’Alessandri THE MUSLIM QUESTION IN SERBIA: THE 1862 BOMBARDMENT OF BELGRADE AND THE NEWBORN KINGDOM OF ITALY . 29 Monica Priante GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI: HERO IN THE PIEDMONT OF THE BALKANS. THE RECEPTION OF A NARRATIVE OF THE ITALIAN RISORGIMENTO IN THE SERBIAN PRESS . 45 Luciano Monzali THE BALKANS AND THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE IN ITALIAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1882-1903 . 61 Ljiljana Aleksić-Pejković THE SERBIAN QUESTION IN ITALY’S BALKAN POLICY UNTIL THE FIRST WORLD WAR . 81 Fabrice Jesné L’ITALIE FACE A LA QUESTION ADRIATIQUE, 1861-1915: ASPECTS STRATEGIQUES ET IDEOLOGIQUES . 103 Catherine Horel TRIESTE ET FIUME, DEUX ASPECTS DE L’IRRÉDENTISME ITALIEN 1867-1914 . 121 Dragoljub R. Živojinović THE WAR AIMS OF SERBIA AND ITALY (1917) . 137 Dušan T. Bataković ESSAD PASHA TOPTANI, SERBIA AND THE ALBANIAN QUESTION (1915–1918) . 159 http://www.balkaninstitut.com Stanislav Sretenović LA RELIGION ET LE CONFLIT FRANCO-ITALIEN MACÉDOINE, 1918-1940. LE CAS DU PÈRE BRUNETTI. 181 Alberto Basciani THE CIANO-STOJADINOVIĆ AGREEMENT AND THE TURNING POINT IN THE ITALIAN CULTURAL POLICY IN YUGOSLAVIA (1937-1941) . 199 Biser Petrov THE OCCUPATION OF ALBANIA OF 1939 IN THE LIGHT OF ANGLO-ITALIAN RELATIONS . 213 Stelios-Pericles Karavis THE ITALIAN OCCUPATION OF GREECE: STRATEGY AND PRACTICE (1941-1943) . 223 Svetlozar Eldarov MONSEIGNEUR FRANCESCO GALLONI ET L’OPERA ITALIANA PRO ORIENTE EN BULGARIE (1944-1948) . 241 Massimo Bucarelli A BELATED FRIENDSHIP: ITALO-YUGOSLAV RELATIONS (1947-1990) . 255 Miljan Milkić YUGOSLAVIA AND ITALY, 1945 – 1947: YUGOSLAV POLICIES AND STRATEGIES IN THE TRIESTE CRISIS . 267 Sasa Mišić YUGOSLAV COMMUNISTS AND THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF ITALY, 1945-1956 . 281 Francesca Rolandi “TRIESTE IS OURS”: WHEN THE YUGOSLAVS WERE GOING SHOPPING IN ITALY . 293 Vojislav G. Pavlović THE FOREIGN POLICY OF YUGOSLAVIA 1945-1980 DÉTENTE AS REGIONAL COOPERATION: ITALO-YUGOSLAV RELATIONS . 309 Index . 351 http://www.balkaninstitut.com PREFACE he Balkans have been the last of Europe’s regions to undergo the process Tof national awakening. Th e Eastern Question, i.e. the long and diffi cult retreat of Ottomans from Europe, lasted throughout the 19th and well into the 20th century, from the First Serbian Uprising of 1804 to the Balkan wars of 1912. Within only a few years, from 1912 to 1918, the latter and the World War I, completely changed the map of the Balkans. Th e demise of four, centuries old empires, those of the Ottomans, Habsburgs, Romanovs and Hohenzollerns - not only liberated the Balkans from foreign rule, but also freed the region for the fi rst time from foreign infl uences. Th e old motto “Balkan to Balkan peo- ples” fi nally became reality. Nevertheless, the short interwar period brought neither stability nor democracy to the region. Th e territorial confl icts among the Balkan nations, between recently formed states, or even inside some of them, along with marked tendencies for personal rule, kept the region in a state of tension. Foreign involvement became once again the dominant factor in the Balkans during World War II. Th e brutal and devastating Nazi occupation was followed by a Cold War type of division. When Greece joined the European Economic Community in 1981, the region commenced its journey towards Europe, which, for the countries of the Western Balkans, is still on-going. Th e history of the Balkans in the last two centuries is comprised of an interminable sequence of uprisings, wars and – unfortunately – violence, but also of an extremely rich and rewarding mixture of cultures and nations. Th e diffi culty of transforming the Empires of medieval origins, such as Habsburg and Ottoman ones, into national states, can in itself explain much of the eth- nic strife that characterised the recent history of the Balkans. Th e gradual or sequential type of national awakening of the Balkan nations was responsible for a considerable delay in the formation of national states. While the Greek nation gained its independence in 1830, the ex-Yugoslav republics obtained international recognition as late as 1992. Th e slow and gradual process of national awakening was conditioned by foreign infl uences, since the decomposition of the Ottoman Empire paved the http://www.balkaninstitut.com 8 Italy’s Balkan Strategies way for the division of its European part into zones of infl uence between the Habsburg and Romanov dynasties, as was the case aft er the Berlin Congress. Th e vacuum created by the fall of the Empires permitted France and Italy to try their hand at organising Central Europe and the Balkans, aft er the conclusion of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Th e Cold War logic shaped the evolution of the region until the fall of the Berlin War. Among the foreign infl uences in the Balkans, the Italian one was prob- ably the last to express itself, but certainly not the least important. From the early 19th century, the Italian national movement, and later the Italian king- dom, was fi rst a source of inspiration, and then a potential ally; fi nally, it would become an economic and political rival for the Balkan nations. Yet, the history of the two shores of Adriatic evolved in similar if not identical stages. Th e Risorgimento ended in 1870 and most of the Balkan states won their indepen- dence in 1878. Th e liberal Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance, while the Balkan states opted in their turn for one alliance or the other among the Con- cert of European powers at the turn of the century. Th e World War I brought to an end the respective national unifi cations on both shores of Adriatic and set the stage for their confl ict or – in some cases – their alliances, in view of their respective strategies during the interwar period. Th e brief and inconclusive Italian war in the Balkans (1940-1943) ended in utter defeat, and opened the way for a diff erent type of relations between Italy led by Christian Democrats and communist (with the exception of Greece) Balkan states. Economy and culture were the basis of relations between Italy and the Balkans in the post World War II period. Th e four periods of shared history, the classifi cation of which is easier if one follows the chronology proper to Italian history, are as follows: Risorgi- mento, Liberal, Fascist and Christian Democrat Italy. In each of these periods, the Italian strategy followed a distinct and well defi ned logic. If the Unifi cation of Italy was an absolute priority in the fi rst period, its economic and territorial expansion, or shall we say, irredentism and colonial-like ambitions towards the Eastern shore of Adriatic, characterised the second. Th e desire for the expan- sion of Fascist political, economic and cultural infl uence was the main motive for a series of regional alliances, confl icts and territorial adventures in the Bal- kans between the two wars. In the beginning, the fragile Italian democracy af- ter 1945 fi rst saw the Balkans as a menace, mainly due to the territorial dispute over Venezia Giulia, only to consider it aft erwards as a potentially important market for its growing industry and a sort of a fi rst line of defence against the countries of the Soviet bloc. Th e papers in this volume follow the aforementioned chronological di- vision. Th e study of each period is based fi rstly on a comprehensive analysis of the Italian strategy and aft erwards examined in the case studies of its various aspects. Th e geographical range of the papers covers mainly the ex-Yugoslav area, along with the papers focused on specifi c topics of Greek, Bulgarian and http://www.balkaninstitut.com Preface 9 Albanian history. Th e notion of strategy is understood as a set of the political, economic, psychological, and military forces of a nation focused on the attain- ing a pre-defi ned objective. In the case of the Balkans, the general objective of furthering Italy’s foremost interests was formulated in diff erent manners in accordance with the imperatives of the given period. During the Risorgimento period, the Balkans were seen fi rst as an ally in a joint uprising against the common Habsburg enemy following Mazzini’s strategy of national revolutions in Europe.