The Unix Shell Files and Directories Copyright © Software Carpentry 2010 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License See http://software-carpentry.org/license.html for more information. Run Store Programs Data Communicate Interact with each other with us Files and Directories Introduction Run Store Programs shell Data Communicate Interact with each other with us Files and Directories Introduction Store shell Data Files and Directories Introduction Store shell Data file system Files and Directories Introduction Store shell Data file system files Files and Directories Introduction Store shell Data file system files directories Files and Directories Introduction Store shell Data Use the shell file system to view and change the file system files directories Files and Directories Introduction Store Use the shell shell Data to run commands file system to view what's in the file system files directories Files and Directories Introduction login: Files and Directories Introduction login: computer prompt in bold Files and Directories Introduction login: computer prompt in bold explanatory text in blue Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad user input in green Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** password Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ shell prompt Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ shell prompt like Python's >>> and … Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ whoami check user ID Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ whoami check user ID shell finds the whoami program Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ whoami check user ID shell finds the whoami program runs it Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ whoami check user ID vlad shell finds the whoami program runs it prints its output Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ whoami check user ID vlad shell finds the whoami program $$$ runs it prints its output displays a new prompt Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd what is the working directory Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd what is the working directory the directory used when no other directory is explicitly specified Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad root password: ******** $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad root password: ******** / $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad root password: ******** / $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad root password: ******** / $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd bin /users/vlad $$$ Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad root password: ******** / $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd bin data /users/vlad $$$ Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad root password: ******** / $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd bin data users /users/vlad $$$ Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad root password: ******** / $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd bin data users tmp /users/vlad $$$ Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad root password: ******** / $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd bin data users tmp /users /vlad $$$ Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad root password: ******** / $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd bin data users tmp /users/vlad $$$ imhotep larry vlad Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad root password: ******** / $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd bin data users tmp /users/vlad $$$ imhotep larry vlad Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad root password: ******** / $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd bin data users tmp /users/ vlad $$$ imhotep larry vlad Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad root password: ******** / $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd bin data users tmp /users/vlad $$$ imhotep larry vlad Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ ls stands for "listing" Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ ls stands for "listing" sadly more memorable than most command names Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ whoami vlad $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ ls bin data mail music notes.txt papers pizza.cfg solar solar.pdf swc $$$ Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ whoami vlad an argument or flag modifying $$$ pwd the command's behavior /users/vlad $$$ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $$$ Files and Directories Introduction login: vlad password: ******** $$$ whoami vlad adds a trailing '/' to $$$ pwd directory names /users/vlad $$$ ls -F bin / data / mail / music / notes.txt papers / pizza.cfg solar / solar.pdf swc / $$$ Files and Directories Introduction $$$ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ vlad bin data mail music notes.txt papers pizza.cfg solar solar.pdf swc Files and Directories Introduction $$$ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes .txt papers/ pizza .cfg solar/ solar .pdf swc/ By convention, use filename extension to indicate file type Files and Directories Introduction $$$ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes .txt papers/ pizza .cfg solar/ solar .pdf swc/ By convention, use filename extension to indicate file type .txt for text, .pdf for PDF, .cfg for configuration file, etc. Files and Directories Introduction $$$ ls -F bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes .txt papers/ pizza .cfg solar/ solar .pdf swc/ By convention, use filename extension to indicate file type .txt for text, .pdf for PDF, .cfg for configuration file, etc. But this is only a convention, not a guarantee Files and Directories Introduction $$$ ls –F data Files and Directories Introduction $$$ ls –F data amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $$$ Files and Directories Introduction $$$ ls –F data amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $$$ a relative path vlad data Files and Directories Introduction $$$ ls –F data amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $$$ a relative path vlad relative to current working directory data Files and Directories Introduction $$$ ls –F /data access.log backup/ hardware.cfg network.cfg $$$ Files and Directories Introduction $$$ ls –F /data access.log backup/ hardware.cfg network.cfg $$$ an absolute path Files and Directories Introduction $$$ ls –F /data access.log backup/ hardware.cfg network.cfg $$$ an absolute path leading '/' means "from root" Files and Directories Introduction $$$ ls –F /data access.log backup/ hardware.cfg network.cfg $$$ / an absolute path leading '/' means "from root" so it always refers to this directory bin data users tmp imhotep larry vlad Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $$$ Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $$$ cd data Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $$$ cd data change directory Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $$$ cd data change directory actually doesn't change the directory Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $$$ cd data change directory actually doesn't change the directory changes the shell's idea of which directory we are in Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $$$ cd data $$$ pwd /users/vlad/data $$$ Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $$$ cd data $$$ pwd /users/vlad/data $$$ ls amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $$$ Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $$$ cd data because we're now "in" $$$ pwd this directory /users/vlad/data $$$ ls amino_acids.txt elements/ morse.txt pdb/ planets.txt sunspot.txt $$$ Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad/data $$$ Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad/data $$$ cd .. Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad/data $$$ cd .. the directory above the current one Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad/data $$$ cd .. the directory above the current one its parent directory Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad/data $$$ cd .. $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad/data $$$ cd .. $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $$$ Files and Directories Introduction $$$ pwd /users/vlad/data $$$ cd .. $$$ pwd /users/vlad $$$ ls bin/ data/ mail/ music/ notes.txt papers/ pizza.cfg solar/ solar.pdf swc/ $$$ ls -F -a ./ ../ bin/