Wai 2200, #A160 MUAUPOKO ORAL EVIDENCE AND TRADITIONAL HISTORY REPORT WAI 2200 Porirua ki Manawatu District Inquiry Report Commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal Louis Chase AUGUST 2015 Cover Image1 Original artwork created by Nancy Adkin Ritchie for the dust cover of Leslie Adkin's book, Horowhenua: Its Maori Place‐names and their Topographic and Historical Background, (Wellington, 1948). Table of Contents INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. VII MIHI .................................................................................................................................................... VII ABOUT THE RESEARCHER ........................................................................................................................... VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................................. VII REPORT COMMISSION .............................................................................................................................. VII METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... VIII Research Challenges ...................................................................................................................................... ix REPORT OUTLINE ..................................................................................................................................... IX SECTION ONE – MUAUPOKO TE IWI ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 ORIGINS OF MUAUPOKO .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Kurahaupo Waka ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Tribal Accounts................................................................................................................................ 2 1.1.3 Archaeological Accounts ................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 MUAUPOKO WHAKAPAPA .............................................................................................................. 11 1.3 MUAUPOKO TUPUNA..................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.1 Kupe .............................................................................................................................................. 13 1.3.2 Toitehuatahi .................................................................................................................................. 13 1.3.3 Whatonga ...................................................................................................................................... 14 1.3.4 Tara Ika .......................................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.5 Tuteremoana................................................................................................................................. 15 1.3.6 Potangotango ................................................................................................................................ 16 1.3.7 Taueki ............................................................................................................................................ 16 1.3.8 Mahuera Paki Tanguru‐o‐te‐rangi ................................................................................................ 17 1.3.9 Te Keepa Rangihiwinui .................................................................................................................. 18 1.4 MUAUPOKO TANGATA ................................................................................................................... 19 1.5 INTER‐IWI RELATIONSHIPS .............................................................................................................. 20 1.5.1 Rangitane ...................................................................................................................................... 20 1.5.2 Ngati Apa ....................................................................................................................................... 21 1.5.3 Ngai Tara ....................................................................................................................................... 21 1.5.4 Ngati Ira ......................................................................................................................................... 22 1.6 TE ROHE O MUAUPOKO ................................................................................................................. 22 1.6.1 Mountains to the Sea .................................................................................................................... 23 1.6.2 Whatanui and Taueki .................................................................................................................... 23 1.6.3 Horowhenua Subdivision 1873 ..................................................................................................... 23 1.7 NGA HAPU ME NGA MARAE O MUAUPOKO ........................................................................................ 24 1.7.1 Marae of Muaupoko ..................................................................................................................... 24 1.7.2 Hapu of Muaupoko ....................................................................................................................... 25 SUMMARY – MUAUPOKO TE IWI ................................................................................................................ 26 SECTION TWO – PRINCIPAL LANDMARKS ............................................................................................ 28 2.1 TARARUA MAUNGA ....................................................................................................................... 28 2.1.1 Spiritual Lake – Lost Lake .............................................................................................................. 28 2.1.2 Patupaiarehe ................................................................................................................................. 31 2.1.3 Old Trails ....................................................................................................................................... 31 2.1.4 Traditional Resources ................................................................................................................... 32 1http://horowhenua.kete.net.nz/en/site/images/show/17231‐nancy‐adkin‐ritchies‐art‐work‐for‐cover‐of‐leslie‐adkins‐ book?view_size=large ii 2.2 TE WAIPUNAHAU/LAKE HOROWHENUA............................................................................................. 34 2.1.1 Waahi Tapu ................................................................................................................................... 35 2.1.2 Traditional Resources ................................................................................................................... 39 2.1.3 Middens ........................................................................................................................................ 48 2.2 NGA AWAAWA ............................................................................................................................. 49 2.2.1 Hokio Stream ................................................................................................................................ 50 2.2.2 Patiki Stream ................................................................................................................................. 54 2.2.3 Arawhata Stream .......................................................................................................................... 55 2.2.4 Waiwiri Stream ............................................................................................................................. 55 2.3 TE TAHA MOANA .......................................................................................................................... 56 2.3.1 Waahi Tapu ................................................................................................................................... 58 2.3.2 Traditional Resources ................................................................................................................... 58 2.4 KAPITI ISLAND .............................................................................................................................. 62 SUMMARY – PRINCIPAL LANDMARKS ........................................................................................................... 63 SECTION THREE – INFLUENCES ON MUAUPOKO .................................................................................. 65 3.1 TE RAUPARAHA ............................................................................................................................ 65 3.1.1 Tree Fort ........................................................................................................................................ 66 3.1.2 Lake‐pa Islands .............................................................................................................................