Optical antennas for harvesting solar radiation energy Waleed Tariq Sethi To cite this version: Waleed Tariq Sethi. Optical antennas for harvesting solar radiation energy. Electronics. Université Rennes 1, 2018. English. NNT : 2018REN1S129. tel-02295386 HAL Id: tel-02295386 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02295386 Submitted on 24 Sep 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 sous le sceau de l’Université Bretagne Loire pour le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 Mention : Traitement de Signal et Télécommunications Ecole doctorale MathSTIC présentée par Waleed Tariq Sethi préparée à l’unité de recherche IETR (UMR 6164) (Institut d’Electronique et de Télécommunications de Rennes UFR Informatique et Electronique Thèse soutenue à Rennes le 16 Février 2018 Optical antennas devant le jury composé de : for harvesting solar Guillaume Ducournau IEMN Université Lille 1 / Polytech'Lille, France / radiation energy rapporteur Paola Russo Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy / rapporteur Olivier Pascal Université Paul Sabatier, France / examinateur Mohamed Himdi Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France / directeur de thèse Hamsakutty Vettikalladi King Saud Université, Saudi Arabia Habib Fathallah Université de Carthage, Tunisie Table of Contents Acknowledgments i Chapter 1 General Introduction..……………………………………………………………….1 1.1 Introduction to Energy Harvesting .............................................................................1 1.2 Photovoltaic solar harvesting vs Radio Frequency energy harvesting .......................2 1.3 Plasmonics and Surface Plasmons .............................................................................5 1.4 Context and motivation of the study ..........................................................................7 1.5 Objectives and research contributions .......................................................................8 1.6 Thesis Structure ..........................................................................................................9 Bibiliography .................................................................................................................11 Chapter 2 Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting Rectenna 12 2.1 Introduction to Radio Frequency (RF) Energy Harvesting ......................................12 2.2 Radio Frequency (RF) Energy Harvesting Principle ...............................................13 2.2.1 Antenna .............................................................................................................14 2.2.2 Impedance matching cricuit ..............................................................................15 2.2.3 Rectifier .............................................................................................................16 2.3 Literature Review: State-of-the-art Energy Harvesting Rectennas ..........................18 2.4 Proposed Hexaband antenna ....................................................................................28 2.4.1 Antenna Design .................................................................................................28 2.4.2 Antenna Simulation and Experimental Results .................................................29 2.5 Proposed multiband rectifier ....................................................................................33 2.5.1 Schottky Diode Selection ..................................................................................34 2.5.2 Impedacne matching ..........................................................................................35 2.5.3 Complete Rectifier in ADS Simulator ...............................................................35 2.6 Experimental Investigation of Rectenna System .....................................................46 2.7 Summary and conclusion .........................................................................................49 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................50 Chapter 3 Optical Antennas based on Dielectric Resonators (DR) 52 3.1 Introduction to Optical Antennas/ Nantennas ..........................................................52 3.2 Electromagnetic interaction with metals and Maxwell equations ...........................55 3.2.1 Optical Properties of Metals (Drude Model) .....................................................58 3.3 Brief Introduction to Surface Plasmons Polaritons (SPP) and Local Surface Polaritons (LSP) ..............................................................................................................................61 3.3.1 Localized Surface Plasmons (LSP) ...................................................................62 3.4 Literature Review: Dielectric Resonator (DR) Based Nantennas ............................63 3.5 Proposed Equilateral Triangular Dielectric Resonator Nantenna [ETDRN] ...........65 3.5.1 Introduction to Dielectric Resonator antenna (DRA) ........................................65 3.5.2 ETDRN Design Geometry ................................................................................66 3.5.3 Antenna Simulation and Experimental Results .................................................67 3.5.4 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................73 3.6 Proposed Hexagonal Dielectric Resonator Nantenna [HDRN] ...............................75 3.6.1 HDRN Design Geometry ..................................................................................75 3.6.2 Design Simulation and Optimisation ................................................................77 3.6.3 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................80 3.7 Array synthesis .........................................................................................................84 3.7.1 Antenna Array Design Geometry ......................................................................84 3.7.2 Results and Discussion ......................................................................................85 3.7.3 Tuneability of proposed 1x2 ETDRNA Array ..................................................87 3.8 Summary and conclusion .........................................................................................90 3.9 Bibliography .............................................................................................................91 Chapter 4 Proposed optical antennas for harvesting infrared energy 94 4.1 Introduction to Optical Photodetectors (PD) ...........................................................94 4.2 Optical Photodetector for THz detection .................................................................96 4.3 Optical Antenna Design I: Yagi-uda Antenna with Fermionics Photodiode ...........99 4.3.1 Molybdenum based Yagi-uda Antenna Design .................................................99 4.3.2 Simulation and measurements of proposed yagi-uda nantenna ......................102 4.3.3 Aluminium based Yagi-uda Antenna Designs ................................................105 (a) Antenna Design with Aluminium Material ................................................105 (b) Array Design with Aluminium Material ....................................................109 (c) Experimental realization of Yagi-uda Nantenna Array Aluminium Material ..................................................................................................................................115 4.4 Optical Antenna Design II: Polydimethylsiloxane [PDMS] Lens Antennas .........121 4.4.1 PDMS based Lens Antenna Design ................................................................121 (a) PDMS Polymer ........................................................................................121 (b) Lens Antenna Design Simulations ...........................................................122 4.5 Optical Antenna Design III: Thermopiles Antennas ..............................................125 4.5.1 Thermopile antenna detector and geometric design ........................................125 (a) Principle of thermocouples ......................................................................125 (b) Proposed geometric designs and experimental realization: .....................127 4.6 Summary and conclusion .......................................................................................136 Bibliography .................................................................................................................137 Chapter 5 Conclusion, challengesa nd future work 139 5.1 Summary of Contributions .....................................................................................139 5.2 Challenges faced during research .........................................................................141 5.3 Future Work ..........................................................................................................143 List of Publications 144 List