1 2 3 4 WHITE PAPER 5 6 7 Fish Screens 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Prepared for 16 17 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 March 2008 Draft (Working Draft – Do Not Cite) 1 2 3 WHITE PAPER 4 5 6 Fish Screens 7 8 9 10 11 12 Prepared for 13 14 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 15 600 Capitol Way North 16 Olympia, Washington 98501-1091 17 18 19 20 21 Prepared by 22 23 Herrera Environmental Consultants, Inc. 24 2200 Sixth Avenue, Suite 1100 25 Seattle, Washington 98121 26 Telephone: 206/441-9080 27 28 29 In collaboration with 30 31 Kozmo Ken Bates 32 33 34 35 March 2008 Draft (Working Draft – Do Not Cite) Contents Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................1 1.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 1-1 2.0 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 2-1 3.0 Methods............................................................................................................................ 3-1 4.0 Hydraulic Project Description.......................................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Characteristics, Applications, and Descriptions of Fish Screen Subactivity Types.................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 In-Channel Screens.................................................................................. 4-2 4.1.2 Off-Channel Screens................................................................................ 4-4 4.1.3 Typical Screen Designs............................................................................ 4-5 4.1.4 Screening Systems Not Considered in this Analysis ............................. 4-13 4.2 Statutes and Rules Regulating Fish Screens ...................................................... 4-13 5.0 Potentially Covered Species and Habitat Use.................................................................. 5-1 6.0 Conceptual Framework for Assessing Impacts................................................................ 6-1 7.0 Direct and Indirect Impacts.............................................................................................. 7-1 7.1 In-Channel Screens.............................................................................................. 7-2 7.1.1 Construction and Maintenance ................................................................ 7-2 7.1.2 Operations................................................................................................ 7-2 7.1.3 Water Quality Modifications ................................................................... 7-3 7.1.4 Riparian Vegetation Modifications.......................................................... 7-4 7.1.5 Hydraulic and Geomorphic Modifications .............................................. 7-4 7.1.6 Ecosystem Fragmentation........................................................................ 7-5 7.2 Off-Channel Screens............................................................................................ 7-6 7.2.1 Construction and Maintenance ................................................................ 7-6 7.2.2 Operations................................................................................................ 7-7 7.2.3 Water Quality Modifications ................................................................... 7-8 7.2.4 Riparian Vegetation Modifications.......................................................... 7-9 7.2.5 Hydraulic and Geomorphic Modifications .............................................. 7-9 7.2.6 Ecosystem Fragmentation...................................................................... 7-18 7.3 Effects of Common Impact Mechanisms and Stressors .................................... 7-23 7.3.1 Construction and Maintenance .............................................................. 7-24 7.3.2 Operations.............................................................................................. 7-40 7.3.3 Water Quality Modifications ................................................................. 7-46 7.3.4 Riparian Vegetation Modifications........................................................ 7-59 8.0 Cumulative Effects........................................................................................................... 8-1 i 9.0 Potential Risk of Take......................................................................................................9-1 9.1 In-Channel Screens.............................................................................................. 9-2 9.1.1 Construction and Maintenance ................................................................ 9-4 9.1.2 Operations................................................................................................ 9-5 9.1.3 Water Quality Modifications ................................................................... 9-5 9.1.4 Hydraulic and Geomorphic Modifications .............................................. 9-6 9.1.5 Ecosystem Fragmentation........................................................................ 9-6 9.2 Off-Channel Screens............................................................................................ 9-7 9.2.1 Construction and Maintenance ................................................................ 9-8 9.2.2 Operations................................................................................................ 9-9 9.2.3 Hydraulic and Geomorphic Modifications .............................................. 9-9 9.2.4 Ecosystem Fragmentation...................................................................... 9-10 9.3 Risk of Take Associated with Common Impact Mechanisms........................... 9-12 9.3.1 Construction and Maintenance .............................................................. 9-12 9.3.2 Operations.............................................................................................. 9-15 9.3.3 Water Quality Modifications ................................................................. 9-17 9.3.4 Riparian Vegetation Modifications........................................................ 9-19 10.0 Data Gaps....................................................................................................................... 10-1 10.1 In-Channel Screens............................................................................................ 10-3 10.2 Off-Channel Screens.......................................................................................... 10-3 10.3 Data Gaps for Common Impact Submechanisms and Stressors........................ 10-4 10.3.1 Construction and Maintenance .............................................................. 10-4 10.3.2 Operations.............................................................................................. 10-5 10.3.3 Water Quality Modifications ................................................................. 10-7 10.3.4 Hydraulic and Geomorphic Modifications ............................................ 10-7 11.0 Habitat Protection, Conservation, Mitigation, and Management Strategies.................. 11-1 11.1 Management Strategies...................................................................................... 11-1 11.1.1 Improved Training and Research........................................................... 11-1 11.1.2 Improved Guidance................................................................................ 11-2 11.1.3 Improved Performance and Compliance Monitoring ............................ 11-3 11.2 Subactivity Type Specific Strategies ................................................................. 11-4 11.2.1 In-Channel Screens................................................................................ 11-4 11.2.2 Off-Channel Screens.............................................................................. 11-4 11.3 General Strategies by Common Impact Mechanism ......................................... 11-5 11.3.1 Construction and Maintenance .............................................................. 11-6 11.3.2 Operations.............................................................................................. 11-8 11.3.3 Water Quality Modifications ................................................................. 11-8 11.3.4 Hydraulic and Geomorphic Modifications .......................................... 11-10 12.0 References...................................................................................................................... 12-1 Appendix A Exposure-Response Matrices, by Species Group Appendix B Bibliographical Database (provided under separate cover) ii Tables Table 1-1. The 52 HCP species addressed in this white paper. ................................................. 1-2 Table 4-1. Hydraulic Code sections potentially applicable to the permitting of fish screen construction, maintenance, and operation. .................................................. 4-14 Table 5-1. Range of occurrence of the HCP species and their habitat requirements................. 5-2 Table 6-1. Impact mechanisms and submechanisms associated with fish screen subactivity types. .....................................................................................................