Australia and Latin America Challenges and Opportunities in the New Millennium Australia and Latin America Challenges and Opportunities in the New Millennium Edited by Barry Carr & John Minns Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Minns, John, 1956- author. Title: Australia and Latin America : challenges and opportunities in the new millennium / John Minns, Barry Carr. ISBN: 9781925021233 (paperback) 9781925021240 (ebook) Subjects: Intercultural communication. Australia--Politics and government. Latin America--Politics and government. Australia--Foreign relations--Latin America. Latin America--Foreign relations--Australia. Other Authors/Contributors: Carr, Barry, author. Dewey Number: 382.099408 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design by Nic Welbourn and layout by ANU Press Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2014 ANU Press Contents Acknowledgements . vii Contributors . ix Abbreviations . xi Figures . xv Introduction . xvii Barry Carr and John Minns 1 . Latin America: Changing political realities and trends 2000–2014 . 1 Barry Carr 2 . Australia–Latin America Education Relations . 25 Sean W. Burges 3 . Australia’s Foreign Aid to Latin America . 57 John Minns 4 . Australia, Latin America and the Environment . 85 James R. Levy and Peter Ross 5 . Australia–Latin America Trade and Business Relations . 111 Pierre van der Eng and Don Kenyon 6 . Australia and Latin America: Shared experiences and prospects for a new partnership . 141 Don Kenyon and Pierre van der Eng 7 . Latinos in Australia . 167 Victor Del Río 8 . Print and Electronic Media . 223 John Sinclair 9 . Culture as a Key to Connections: Using culture to promote Australia’s strategic relationship with Latin America . 239 Ralph Newmark 10 . Doing Business in Latin America the Australian Way: Debunking myths about cross-cultural sensitivities . 259 Bob Hodge Acknowledgements The Council on Australia Latin America Relations (COALAR) is tasked with enhancing Australia’s economic, political and social relations with Latin America and provides funding to support projects that will enhance Australian engagement with Latin America. Without the financial backing of COALAR it would not have been possible to undertake this project. The authors of chapter four, James Levy and Peter Ross, would like to acknowledge the effort of Dr Ruth Adler who kindly organised a seminar under Chatham House Rules concerning the marine environment. Also Professor Rosemary Rayfuse of the Faculty of Law, UNSW, who provided useful points on the law of the sea. Pierre van der Eng and Don Kenyon are very grateful for comments received from Marcelo Alves, John Minns and two anonymous referees on previous versions of chapters five and six. They would also like to thank Carolyn Irving (DFAT) for clarifying Australia’s current engagement in multilateral partnerships in relation to chapter six. In addition to the personal communications cited in the references, John Sinclair wishes to thank the following individuals for their information and advice in gathering the material for chapter eight: Angel Calderón, Antonio Castillo, Victor Del Río, Danny Kaufman, Jesús Meza Morales and Ralph Newmark. vii Contributors Sean W. Burges is currently Lecturer in International Relations with the School of Politics and International Relations and Senior Associate with the Australian National Centre for Latin American Studies, The Australian National University. Barry Carr is Adjunct Professor attached to the Australian National Centre for Latin American Studies at The Australian National University. He was formerly the Director of the Institute of Latin American Studies (ILAS) at La Trobe University, Melbourne. Victor Del Río is a World Bank Consultant in the area of education, member of the Ethics Research Committee at Latrobe University and an active member of the Latino community in Australia since 1986. He is a founder of Competency Based Training Systems (CBTS) Latin America. Bob Hodge is a Member of the Institute for Culture and Society at the University of Western Sydney. He is involved in many fields of social and cultural research, including Latin American and Australian cultures. Don Kenyon (AM) is currently a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at The Australian National University Centre for European Studies. He was made a Member of the Order of Australia in 2002 for services to public administration, particularly the promotion of Australian trade and commercial interests. James R. Levy is Senior Lecturer (Conjoint) in the School of Humanities and Languages, University of New South Wales. John Minns is the Director of the Australian National Centre for Latin American Studies and Associate Professor in Politics and International Relations at The Australian National University. Ralph Newmark is the Director of the Institute of Latin American Studies (ILAS) in the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Humanities, La Trobe University. Peter Ross is Senior Lecturer, School of Humanities and Languages, University of New South Wales. His research interests include human development in Argentina since independence. John Sinclair is an Honorary Professorial Fellow in the School of Historical and Philosophical Studies at the University of Melbourne. Pierre van der Eng is Reader and Senior Fellow at the Research School of Management at The Australian National University College of Business and Economics. ix Abbreviations AAA Accra Agenda for Action ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ACTU Australian Council of Trade Unions ADSL asymmetric digital subscriber line AEI Australia Education International AFP Australian Federal Police ALAF Australian Leadership Award Fellowships ALAS Australian Leadership Award Scholarships ALBA Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas ANCLAS Australian National Centre for Latin American Studies (The Australian National University) AOL America On Line APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation AQF Australian Qualifications Framework ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organisation AILASA Association of Iberian and Latin American Studies of Australasia AusAID Australian Agency for International Development Austrade Australian Trade Commission ACI-FTA Australia–Chile Free Trade Agreement BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BNDES Brazilian Economic and Social Development Bank BRIC nations Brazil, Russia, India and China BSM Benefit Sharing Mechanisms CACM Central American Common Market CAFTA Central American Free Trade Agreement CELAC Community of Latin American and Caribbean States CELAS Spanish Latin American Welfare Centre (Melbourne) CER Closer Economic Relations (Australia–New Zealand trade agreement) CG Cairns Group (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Uruguay) CIA Central Intelligence Agency (US) CIDA Canadian International Development Agency xi Australia and Latin America CDM Clean Development Mechanism CNN Cable News Network (US-based) COALAR Council on Australia Latin America Relations COALAR-EAG COALAR Education Action Group COHA Council on Hemispheric Affairs Comisione Obreras workers’ commissions CONAIE Ecuadorian Confederation of Indigenous Nations COP 13th Conference of Parties (for the 2007 Bali Action Plan) COPEI Partido Social Cristiano de Venezuela (Social Christian Party of Venezuela) CPA Communist Party of Australia DBS direct broadcast satellite DDA Doha Development Agenda—see ‘Doha’ DEEWR Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations despachantes trouble shooters DEST Department of Education, Science and Training DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia Doha Doha Development Agenda (DDA) DORS Australian Determination of Refugee Status Committee DRR disaster risk reduction EC European Community ELICOS English Language Intensive Course for Overseas Students EZLN Zapatista Army of National Liberation FDI foreign direct investment FIPs Five Interested Parties (US, EU, Brazil, India and Australia—Doha Negotiations) FMLN Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, El Salvador FSLN Sandinista National Liberation Front (Nicaragua) FTA free trade area FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas FTAAP Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific G6 FIPs plus Japan GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP gross domestic product (of a given nation) xii Abbreviations GFC global financial crisis GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (The German International Cooperation Agency) GNI gross national income (of a given nation) HDI Human Development Index (United Nations) HIV AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ILAS Institute of Latin American Studies (La Trobe University, Victoria) ISI import substitution industrialisation ISPs internet service providers LA Latin America LAC USAID’s Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean LADP Latin America Development Programme (New Zealand) LAIA Latin American Integration Association LAN Línea Aérea Nacional, Chile’s national airline MAS Movement to Socialism (Venezuela and Bolivia) MDGs Millennium Development Goals Mercosur Mercado Común del Sur (Southern Common Market) MLN Movimiento de Liberación