Notes Introduction: The Tip of the Iceberg 1. Terutomo Ozawa, 'The new economic nationalism and the "Japanese disease": The conundrum of managed economic growth', Journal of Economic Issues, val. 30, June 1996, pp. 483-92. 2. 'Going for IT', Nikkei Weekly, 23 October 2000. 3. To follow the release of new products, see Akihabara Watch, a web-site maintained by the Asian Technology Information Program. See http:/ /www.atip.or. jp/Akihabara/ 4. David Freeman, 'Japan: the maybe restoration', Forbes.com, 21 Feb. 2000. 5. For an early overview see Philippe Perez, 'The Internet Phenomenon in Japan', Communications et Strategies, 1998, no. 32, p. 157. 6. There is a vast literature in this field. See, for example, Edward Malecki, Technology and Economic Development: The Dynamics of Local, Regional and National Change (New York: Longman, 1991). For a recent series of sectoral and national studies, see Been Steil, David Victor and Richard Nelson (eds), Technological Innovation & Economic Performance (Princeton: University of Princeton Press, 2002). See also Zaheer Baber, 'The Internet and social change: key themes and issues', Asian Journal of Social Science, 2002, vol. 30, no. 2, 195-8. 7. Tom Forester, Silicon Samurai: How Japan Conquered the World's IT Industry (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1993), x. 8. Among the most influential of these books were Chalmers Johnson, MIT! and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982); Ezra Vogel, Japan as Number One: Revisited (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1986). 9. Among the most compelling of this genre is Akio Morita, with Edwin Reingold and Mitsuko Shimomura, Made in Japan: Akio Morita and SONY (New York: Dutton, 1986). For a more comprehensive view of Japanese entrepreneurship related to digital technology, see Bob Johnstone, We Were Burning: Japanese Entrepreneurs and the Forging of the Electronic Age (New York: Basic Books, 1999). 10. A. Chandler, Inventing the Electronic Century: The Epic Story of the Consumer Electronics and Computer Industries (New York: New Press, 2001). 11. Eamonn Fingleton, Blindside: Why Japan Is on Track to Overtake the U.S. by the Year 2000 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1995). 12. E. Fingleton, In Praise of Hard Industries (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999). 13. Adam Posner, 'Japan', in Been Steil, David Victor and Richard Nelson (eds), Technological Innovation and Economic Performance (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), pp. 74-111. 14. Michael Porter, Hirotaka Takeuchi and Mariko Sakakibara, Can Japan Compete? (London: Macmillan- now Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), pp. 2-3. 174 Notes 175 15. See, for example, Mauel Castells, End of Millennium (New York: Blackwell, 2000), particularly ch. 4, 'Development crisis in the Asia Pacific: globaliza­ tion and the State', pp. 220-55. 16. On the critical and fascinating semi-conductor industry, see the early study by John Tilton, International Diffusion of Technology: The Case of Semiconductors (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1971). See also Gene Gregory, Japanese Electronics Technology: Enterprise and Innovation (New York: John Wiley, 1986). 17. Koji Kobayashi, The Rise ofNEC: How the World's Greatest C&C Company Is Managed (New York: Blackwell, 1991). 18. Marie Anchordoguy, Computers Inc.: Japan's Challenge to IBM (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989) 19. Martin Fransman, The Market and Beyond: Cooperation and Competition in Information Technology Development in the Japanese System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). 20. Ken-ichi Imai, 'The Japanese pattern of innovation and its evolution', Nathan Rosenberg, R. Landau, and David Mowery (eds), Technology and the Wealth of Nations (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992), pp. 225-46. 21. Michael Cusamano, The Japanese Automobile Industry: Technology and Management at Nissan and Toyota (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985); Michael Cusumano, Thinking Beyond Lean: How Multi-Project Management Is Transforming Produce Development at Toyota and Other Companies (New York: Free Press, 1998). 22. Michael Cusumano, Japan's Software Factories: A Challenge to U.S. Management (New York: Oxford, 1991), p. vii. 23. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (New York: Blackwell, 1996), pp. 31-2. 24. See, among a vast array of books, Bill Gates, Business@ The Speed of Thought (New York: Warner, 2000), Michael Dertousos, What Will Be: How the New World of Information Will Change Our Lives (New York: HarperBusiness, 1998); and Nicholas Necroponte, Being Digital (New York: Vintage, 1996). 25. For an interesting sector by sector assessment of the Internet as it relates to the United States, see Brookings Task Force on the Internet, The Economic Payoff from the Internet Revolution (Washington: Brookings, 2001). 26. As this relates to post-secondary education, see David Noble, Digital Diploma Mills: The Automation of Higher Education (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2002). 1 Uneasy Steps: japan and the Development of the Digital Society 1. Robert Grey, 'Turning Japanese', Marketing, 21 Sept. 2000, pp. 34-35. 2. For an excellent overview of the consumer electronics and personal com­ puter sectors, with considerable emphasis on Japan (particularly Sony), see Alfred Chandler, Inventing the Electronic Century: The Epic Story of the Consumer Electronics and Computer Industries (New York: Free Press, 2001). 3. Anchordoguy, Marie, Computers Inc.: Japan's Challenge to IHM (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989). 176 Notes 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Anchordoguy, Marie, Computers Inc.: Japan's Challenge to IBM (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), p.122. 7. Anchordoguy, Marie, Computers Inc.: Japan's Challenge to IBM (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), p.143. 8. japan Information Processing Development Centre, Infonnatization White Paper, 1995. 9. Charles Bickers, 'Banking on the robot evolution', Far Eastern Economic Review, vol. 163, no. 47, 23 Nov. 2000, pp. 38-42. 10. Irene Kunii, 'Robots', Business Week, issue 3724, 19 Mar. 2001. 11. Sam joseph, 'Robots R Us'- Move over Aibo', j@pan Inc., Feb. 2002, p.15. 12. 'Sony rolls out futuristic Aibo capable of wireless PC link', The Nikkei Weekly, 12 Nov. 2001, 17. 13. Sam joseph, 'Robots R Us- move over Aibo', ]@pan Inc., Feb. 2002, p.17. 14. 'Matsushita's robvot loves air hockey', The Nikkei Weekly, 20 Oct. 2001. 15. 'Consumers ready for home robots', The Nikkei Weekly, 13 jan. 2003, p.l. 16. 'Humanoid robots taking big strides in evolution', The Nikkei Weekly, 23 Dec. 2002, p.11. 17. Sam joseph, 'Robots R Us- move over Aibo', J@pan Inc., Feb. 2002, p.19. 18. Charles Bickers, 'Banking on the robot evolution', Far Eastern Economic Review, vol. 163, issue 47, 23 Nov. 2000, pp. 38-42. 19. Such as the iBox, to permit web-surfing via television, a technology which has yet to find a sizable audience. See Yvonne Lee, 'Japan Computer Corp. unveils Internet device', InfoWorld, 26 Feb. 1996. 20. Yves Lehmann, 'Japan on the move', Telecommunications, vol. 29, no 3, Mar. 1995. 21. Michael Martin, 'When info worlds collide', Fortune, vol. 134, no. 8, 28 Oct. 1996, pp. 130-6. 22. Charles Dogson, 'Who needs imode', Communications International, Jan. 2001. 23. James Niccokai, 'Japan's i-mode urges chipmakers to think mobile', Info World, Vo. 23, no. 9, 26 Feb. 2001. 24. Terho Uimonen, 'U.S., Japan set for broadband competition', InfoWorld, vol. 23, no. 6, 5 Feb. 2001. 25. Chang-tseh Hsieh, 'Japan's quest for global leadership in IT: the impact on US computer companies', Industrial Management, vo!. 94, no. 2, 1994, pp. 23-28. 26. Japan Almanac 2000, pp. 30-32. 27. 'The information technology gap', Far Eastern Economic Review, 30 June 1994. See also, 'Leading edge', Asiaweek, 12 May 2000. 28. For one of the many commentaries on this issue, see David Hayes and Martyn Warwick, 'Building bridges to the future', Communications International, vol. 24, no. 4, Apr. 1997, pp. 8-16. 29. Irene Kunii, 'Broadband in Japan: the brawl begins', Business Week, 12 Mar. 2001. 30. 'Japan adjusts to the broadband era', Asiamoney, Dec.200/Jan. 2001. 31. 'Content providers rush to reap riches from broadband', Nikkei Weekly, 4 Nov. 2002. 32. japan Information Service Industry Association, The IT Services Industry in Japan 200 OISIA, 2000), p. 63. Notes 177 33. Ibid., 66. 34. 'IT companies form group to offer graduate courses', Nikkei Weekly, 13 Jan. 2003. 35. 'Cheap wireless LANS emerging to challenge 3G cell phones', Nikkei Weekly, 29 April2002; 'Japan in Focus', Nikkei Weekly, 8 July 2002, p. 7. 36. S. Fukukawa, 'Awakening to the IT revolution', Japan Quarterly, 1 October 2002, vol. 47, no. 4. On how this relates to technological change, see Marie Anchordoguy, 'Japan at a technological crossroads: does change support convergence theory,' Journal of Japanese Studies, 1997, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 363. 37. For a review of the forces buffeting Japan at this time, see]. Eades, et al., Globalization and Social Change in Contemporary Japan (Melbourne: Trans Pacific, 2000), pp. 1-16. 38. I. leo, 'Being digital in Japan: The Current Internet Fever and Multimedia in Japan', Journal o(Japanese Trade and Industry, 1 Nov. 1995, vol. 14, no. 6; I. leo, 'The state of digitization in modern Japan: the road to an advanced information network society', Journal o(Japanese Trade and Industry, 1 jan. 1997, vo. 16, no. 1 offers early views on this issue. 2 Japan.com: Government and the Promise of the Internet Society 1. Eric Lim, 'Japan as number two', Far Eastern Economic Review,' 3 Feb. 1994. 2. Kaoru Morishita, 'A closer look- IT start-ups: Hokkaido hot spot', Nikkei Weekly, 14 May 2001. 3. Japanese Ministry of Education, 'Sangakurenkei now: partnership between universities and industry', Apr. 2002, p. 4. 4. 'Academia builds high-tech ties with private companies', The Nikkei Weekly, 22 Oct 2001, 3. 5. Ibid. 6. Bruce Lambert, 'Building innovative communities: lessons from Japan's science city projects,' European Institute of Japanese Studies, Working Paper 107, Nov. 2000. 7. General View of Kansai Science City (http://www.mlit.go.jp/crd/ daisei/daikan/gaiyo-e.html).