Sanctuaries and Cults of Artemis in Post-Liberation Messene: Spartan Mimeses? Heather Maureen Loube Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in Religious Studies Department of Classics and Religious Studies Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa ©Heather Maureen Loube, Ottawa, Canada, 2013 Sanctuaries and Cults of Artemis in Post-Liberation Messene: Spartan Mimeses? Heather Maureen Loube Abstract This dissertation is a comparative study of the relationship between the sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Lakonia and Messenia, after the liberation of Messenia from Lakonia (370 BCE). Four hypotheses are explored in order to answer the central question of whether the sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Messenia after the liberation were mimeses of those in Lakonia: essential religious similarity from the fourth century onwards, post- liberation Messenian revival of pre-conquest religious practices, conscious Messenian determination of religious difference from Lakonia and independent evolution of Messenian sanctuaries and cults of Artemis. From literary, archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic evidence as well as observations made during personal visits to sites and museums in Greece, relevant data on the physical and historical landscape, epicleseis, sanctuary components, relevant myths and cult practices of all Artemisia in the southern Peloponnese are assembled into two comprehensive catalogues, one for each polity. A synthesis and analysis of that data is then conducted to establish patterns for purposes of comparison. The emergent patterns demonstrate that sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in post-liberation Messene are not essentially Lakonian mimeses. This study advances our collective understanding of sanctuaries and cults of Artemis in Lakonia and Messenia. It points to unknowns which could provide fertile avenues for future research into the complexity and diversity of ancient Greek religion in the Peloponnese. ii Acknowledgements This dissertation would never have come to fruition without the encouragement, enthusiasm, and scholarly expertise of Professor Jitse Dijsktra, a University of Ottawa Admission Scholarship in 2009 and the wise counsel of Pierre Bonnechere, Université de Montréal. A University of Ottawa Research Travel Grant in 2011 allowed me to visit many of the sanctuaries and museums in Greece mentioned in this study. On that trip, I owe thanks to Louise Stephens for her skillful driving on Peloponnesian byways and to Angela Kammer and Yolande St. Cyr for cheerfully sharing my enthusiasm. In Greece, I am indebted to Professor Petros Themelis, president of the Society of Messenian Archaeological Studies and director of excavations at Messene for his warm hospitality and access to the Messene museum store rooms. Thanks also to Sokrates Koursoumis, Staff Archaeologist, 37th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Corinthia, who has conducted extensive fieldwork in the Taygetos, for his encouragement and generous sharing of forthcoming publications. I am further indebted to Jonathan E. Tomlinson, assistant director of the Canadian Institute in Greece for help in getting permits. For enthusiastic response to requests for permission to use their illustrations, thanks go to Z. Bonias, Greek Archaeological Service, Professors Graham Shipley and John Chapman, University of Leicester, Paul Cartledge, University of Nottingham, Petros Themelis and the Classical Numismatic Group. Special thanks to Louise Stephens for the beautiful photographs and to Matt Black, University of Ottawa, for his technical support in preparing the figures for publication. My husband’s encouragement, support and tolerance has sustained me not only during the work for this dissertation but always in my studies and teaching. Without him, I would not have been able to stay the course! iii Table of Contents Abbreviations .........................................................................................................................vii General Introduction .................................................................................................................1 The Hunting Goddess in Lakonia and Messenia: A Historical Overview ..........................1 Targeting the Quarry: Spartan Mimeses in Post-liberation Messenia? ...............................5 Setting the Nets: Sources and Methodology ......................................................................9 Plan of the Dissertation..................................................................................................... 11 Part I: Sanctuaries and Cults of Artemis in Lakonia ...............................................................15 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 16 Catalogue ..........................................................................................................................16 L1. Ageranos/Las: Artemis Diktynna .........................................................................16 L2. Aigiai/Gytheion: Artemis .....................................................................................21 L3. Amyklai: Artemis Patriotis ...................................................................................24 L4. Boiai: Artemis Soteira ..........................................................................................25 L5. Boiai-Epidauros Limera Road: Artemis Limnatis ................................................28 L6. Dereia: Artemis Dereatis ......................................................................................30 L7. Hypsoi: Artemis Daphnaia ...................................................................................32 L8. Karyai: Artemis Karyatis...................................................................................... 34 L9: Marios: Artemis.................................................................................................... 37 L10. Pakota: (Artemis) Arista .....................................................................................38 L11. Pleiai: Artemis Patriotis ......................................................................................40 L12. Pyrrichos: Artemis Astrateia............................................................................... 41 L13. Sel(l)asia: Artemis Sel(l)asia ..............................................................................45 L14. Sparta: Artemis................................................................................................... 46 L15. Sparta: Artemis Agrotera ....................................................................................47 L16. Sparta: Artemis Aiginaia ....................................................................................49 iv L17. Sparta: Artemis Eulakia...................................................................................... 51 L18. Sparta: Artemis Hegemone................................................................................. 53 L19. Sparta: Artemis Issoria/Limnaia/Britomartis .....................................................55 L20. Sparta: Artemis Knagia ......................................................................................57 L21. Sparta: Artemis Ortheia/Lygodesma ..................................................................59 L22. Sparta/Amyklai: Artemis Korythalia ..................................................................69 L23. Sparta-Arkadia Road: Artemis Mysia ................................................................72 L24. Teuthrone: Artemis Issoria .................................................................................74 L25. Vothona: Artemis Agrotera Kyparissia ...............................................................76 Part II: Sanctuaries and Cults of Artemis in Messenia ...........................................................79 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 80 M1: Alagonia: Artemis Limnatis ................................................................................80 M2: Derai: Artemis Heleia (Dereatis?) .......................................................................82 M3: Korone: Artemis Paidotrophos............................................................................ 84 M4: Messene: Artemis................................................................................................ 86 M5: Messene: Artemis Enodia.................................................................................... 88 M6: Messene: Artemis Laphria................................................................................... 90 M7: Messene: Artemis Limnatis................................................................................. 93 M8: Messene: Artemis Ortheia ...................................................................................96 M9: Messene: Artemis Phosphoros/Ortheia/Oupesia .................................................99 M10: Mothone: Artemis ...........................................................................................118 M11. Thouria: Artemis Oupisia (?)........................................................................... 119 M12. Volimos: Artemis Limnatis/Ortheia .................................................................120 Part III. Synthesis and Analysis ............................................................................................133