Notes Introduction 1. Jacques Delors, speech to the Churches, Brussels, 4 February 1992; Romani Prodi, speech to the European Parliament, 1999. 2. José Manuel Barroso, ‘Europe and Culture’, Berliner Konferenz für europäis- che Kulturpolitik, 26 November 2004. 3. Ibid. 4. Address by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. George Carey to the Academie für Zahnärzliche, Fortbildung, Baden-Württemberg [the Advanced Dental Insti- tute], Karlsruhe, Germany, 27 March 1999 (downloaded on 05 October 2005 from http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/ carey/speeches/990327.htm. 5.Forum debate: Is Europe at its end?, Sant’ Egidio International Meeting of Prayer for Peace – Palais de Congress, Lyons, 12 September 2005 (down- loaded on 06 October 2005 from http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/ sermons_ speeches/050912.htm). 6. William Penn, An Essay Toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe by the Establishment of a an European Dyet, Parliament or Estates (Hildeheim: Olms- Weidmann, 1983). 7.Donald S. Birn, The League of Nations Union 1918–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), pp. 3, 8, 20, 76, 104, 129–37; Richard Mayne and John Pinder (eds.) with John C. de V. Roberts, Federal Union: The Pioneers (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 10–11, 13–14, 19, 26, 28. 8. COPEC, International Relations: Being the Report presented to the Conference on Christian Poltics, Economics and Citizenship at Birmingham, April 5–2, 1924 (London: Longmans, 1924), p. xiii. 9. ‘Summi Pontificatus (On the Unity of Human Society)’, 20 October 1939, paras. 37–43 (downloaded from http://www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/ P12SUMMI.htm, 16 September 2003). 10. V.A. Demant, ‘The Christian Doctrine of Human Solidarity’, pp. 37–58 in Kenneth Mackenzie (ed.), Union of Christendom, vol. 1 (London: Religious Book Club, 1938), p. 40. 11.A.C.F. Beales, The Catholic Church and International Order (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1941), pp. 131, 139. 12. Ibid., p. 159. 13. William Temple, Christus Veritas: An Essay (London: Macmillan, 1954, first published 1924), p. 84. 14. J.H. Oldham, ‘A Bolder View of National Purpose’, The Christian News-Letter, no. 157, 28 October 1942, unpaginated. 15.Demant, ‘The Christian Doctrine of Human Solidarity’, p. 40. 16. ‘Summi Pontificatus’, paras. 44–45, 49. 17. G.K.A. Bell, ‘A War of Ideals’, pp. 211–18 in The Church and Humanity (1939–1946) (London: Longmans, 1946), p. 213 (first preached as a sermon in Chichester Cathedral, 7 September 1941). 210 Notes 211 18. John Eppstein, The Catholic Tradition of the Law of Nations: Prepared under the auspices of the Catholic Council for International Relations (London: Burns, Oates & Washbourne, 1935), pp. 361–62. 19. Oldham, ‘A Bolder View of National Purpose’. 20. Joseph H. Oldham, (ed.), The Churches Survey their Task: The Report of the Conference at Oxford, July 1937, On Church, Community, and State (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1937), p. 60. 21. William Paton, The Church and the New Order (London: SCM, 1941), p. 144. 22. Oldham, (ed.), The Churches Survey their Task, p. 59. 23. Ibid., pp. 178–82. 24.AWCC, IMC 26.11.49/19: William Paton, ‘The Household of God’, broad- cast on BBC Overseas Service, 17 November 1940. 25. Oldham, (ed.), The Churches Survey their Task, p. 169. 26. International Relations, p. 119. 27. The Christian News-Letter, no. 311, 12 May 1948, unpaginated. 28. William Temple, ‘The Restoration of Christendom’, Christendom, vol. 1 (1935–36), pp. 17–29: 17, 18. 29.See, for example, John Arnold, ‘Europe: Some Biblical and Historical Reflections’, The Reader, vol. 100, no. 3 (Autumn 2003), pp. 2–5. 30. Temple, ‘The Restoration of Christendom’, p. 18. 31. Christopher Dawson, The Judgement of the Nations (London: Sheed & Ward, 1943), p. 69. 32.‘John Hadham’ [James Parkes], God and Human Progress (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1944). p. 32. 33. Temple, ‘The Restoration of Christendom’, p. 17. 34. Ibid., p. 21. 35.Beales, The Catholic Church and International Order, p. 36. 36.Dawson, The Judgement of the Nations, p. 142. 37. Temple, ‘The Restoration of Christendom’, p. 22. 38. Christopher Dawson, ‘The Religious Origins of European Disunity’, Dublin Review, vol. 207, (October–December 1940), pp. 142–59. 39. Temple, ‘The Restoration of Christendom’, p. 22. 40. John Eppstein, ‘The Catholic Tradition in International Relations’, The Month, vol. CLXXX (November–December 1944), pp. 377–89: 388. 41. G.K.A. Bell, Christianity and World Order (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1940), pp. 22–24. 42. ‘Summi Pontificatus’, paras. 52–62. 43. G.K.A. Bell, ‘University Sermon: Christian Co-operation’, The Cambridge Review, vol. LXIII (1 November 1941), pp. 62–64. 44. Christopher Dawson, Understanding Europe (London: Sheed & Ward, 1952), p. 19. 45.Dawson, The Judgement of the Nations, pp. 5–6. 46. Oldham, (ed.), The Churches Survey their Task, p. 58. 47.Beales, The Catholic Church and International Order, p. 36. 48. The Bishop of Chichester [George K.A. Bell], ‘Christianity and Reconstruc- tion’, The Fortnightly, vol. CXLVIII (July–December 1940), pp. 558–64: 539. 49.Alec R. Vidler, God’s Judgement on Europe (London: Longmans, 1940), pp. 71–73. 50.Paton, The Church and the New Order, p. 48. 212 Britannia, Europa and Christendom 51.Dawson, The Judgement of the Nations, p. 100. 52. Oldham (ed.), The Churches Survey their Task, pp. 172–73, 176. 53. See, for example, Alfred Zimmern, ‘The Decline of International Standards’, International Affairs, vol. XVII, no. 1 (January–February 1938), pp. 3–25. 54.Beales, The Catholic Church and International Order, p. 179. 55.Bell, ‘Christianity and Reconstruction’, 561. 56. Temple, ‘The Restoration of Christendom’, pp. 24–25. 57. ‘Summi Pontificatus’, para. 82; The Pope’s Five Peace Points: Allocation to the College of Cardinals by his Holiness Pope Pius XII on December 24 1939 (London: Catholic Truth Society, 1939); The Times, 21 December 1940. 58. Beales, The Catholic Church and International Order, p. 148. 59. Temple, Christus Veritas, p. 85. 60. Temple, ‘The Restoration of Christendom’, pp. 26–27. 61. Ibid., p. 22. 62.Bell, Christianity and World Order, pp. 129–38; William Paton, World Community (London: SCM, 1938). 63. G.K.A. Bell, ‘The Church in Relation to International Affairs’, International Affairs, vol. 25, no. 3 (July 1949), pp. 405–14: 413. 64. Temple, ‘Principles of Reconstruction’, p. 93. 65.Paton, The Churches and the New Order, p. 170. 66. William Temple, The Hope of a New World (London: SCM, 1940), pp. 26–27, 30 (originally part of a series of talks broadcast on the BBC, September– October, 1940. 67.Beales, The Catholic Church and International Order, p. 21. 68. Paton, The Churches and the New Order, p. 188. 69.Bell, Christianity and World Order, p. 38. 70. The history of the concept of ‘Europe’ is discussed in Anthony Pagden (ed.), The Idea of Europe: From Antiquity to the European Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press/Woodrow Wilson Centre Press, 2002). In par- ticular, see the introduction and chapters by Pagden (‘Europe: Conceptualising a Continent’, pp. 33–54) and J.G.A. Pocock (‘Some Europes and their History’, pp. 55–71). See also Richard Roberts. ‘European Cultural Identity and Religion’, pp. 17–33 in John Fulton and Peter Gee (eds.), Religion in Contemporary Europe, Texts and Studies in Religion, vol. 64 (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellin, 1994). 71. Christopher Dawson, ‘Europe—A Society of Peoples’, The Month, vol. CLXXXI (September–October 1945), pp. 309–16: 311. 72. Christopher Dawson, ‘Europe and Christendom’, The Dublin Review, vol. 209 (October 1941), pp. 109–19: 111. 73. For a brief critical discussion of the relationship of medieval Christendom to Europe see William Chester Jordan, ‘“Europe” in the Middle Ages’, pp. 72–90 in Pagden (ed.), The Idea of Europe. 74.‘The Unity of Europe’, Westminster Cathedral Chronicle and Diocesan Gazette, vol. XLII, no. 9 (September 1948), pp. 203–5: 204. 75.Bell, ‘The Church in Relation to International Affairs’, p. 405; Eppstein, ‘The Catholic Tradition in International Relations’, p. 389. 76.Dawson, Understanding Europe, p. 13. 77. William Temple, ‘The Crisis of Western Civilisation’, pp. 78–82 in The Church Looks Forward (London: Macmillan, 1944), pp. 78–9 (recorded on 12 July Notes 213 1943, for broadcasting on the BBC Overseas Service); Dawson, Understanding Europe, p. 12. 78. G.K.A. Bell, ‘Christianity and the European Heritage’, pp. 177–82 in The Church and Humanity, p. 179 (Christmas Broadcast to Germany, 23 December, 1945). 79.Barroso, ‘Europe and Culture’. 1 – Christian Peace Aims and Federal Europe 1.See Paul Addison, The Road to 1945: British Politics and the Second World War (London: Cape, 1975). 2. A.D.K. Owen, ‘BWP 1: Citizen of Britain – What is at Stake’, pp. 13–18 in The British Way and Purpose: Consolidated Edition of BWP Booklets 1–18 with Appendices of Documents of Post-War Reconstruction (The Directorate of Army Education, 1944), p. 15; booklet first issued November 1942. 3. Dennis W. Brogan, The English People: Impressions and Observations (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1943), p. 120. 4.‘Their Finest Hour’, House of Commons, 18 June 1940. 5. J.B. Priestley, Postscripts (London: William Heinemann, 1940), p. 73 [Sunday, 15 September 1940]. 6.‘Cassandra’ [William Connor], The English at War (London: Secker and Warburg, 1941), pp. 31–32. 7. John Strachey, The Banks for the People (London: Gollancz, 1940), p. 7. 8. Initially as the ‘Anglican Council of War’. 9.Keith Clements, Faith on the Frontier: A Life of J.H. Oldham (Edinburgh: T and T Clark, 1999). 10. New College Library, University of Edinburgh (NCLUE), Joseph Oldham Papers, 13/1: ‘The Moot: Notes on the discussion at fifth meeting, September 23 –24, 1939, at Annandale, North End Road, London, NW11’. 11.Martin Ceadel, Semi-Detached Idealists: the British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1854–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp.