Copyright © John \x'ilk .. 1992, 19 95 John Wilk .. i, h.,.,by i<l<n.in.d ,IS . u,hm 0/ ,hi, ",ork in ocrord.n« wi.h s..;,ion 77 of th. Copy ri ~ t, Onipa .nd 1',,«nn Aa 1 9~8, Fi, .. puhi;,h...J 1~91 H ... , published in USA 19n fim puhli,h«l in 1"1'<,1..", 1995 R.print«11996 ill.ckwdl Pcbh"' ... Ltd 108 Cowl.,. Ro.d, Oxfu,d, OX 4 IJF, UK BI.ckw.Ul'tJbli"'.,.. Inc. 238 Moen S,,...., Gombridg., Ma ...chu,"",I> 021 42 '"' All righ .......rved. Ex«p' 10' ~ quoution 0/ .hon p.... g .. fo, ,h. pUfl'O>">of eri,ia'm . nd ""'i.",. no p.N of 'hi' publ i('".rion may 1>< , cp , <>d o ~, .,or<d in. ""i... 1 'f.I<"'. 0' ".n.min,d, in any fu"" o,by any m•• n ., d«,ronic:. mcmanial. photocopy;ng, rtCO<ding 0' om ...... i... ",;mou, the prior pmni ..ion of ,h. publi'h ... Ex«pt in ,h. United St>te> of Am.ri ...... !hi, book i, ""Id ,ubj«t '0 th. "md" i"" th.. it <h'll1'K>f, Irr "" y of ",<I< 0. om.twi.. , 1>< ko" ~ ",Id, hi red ou" or o,h.rwi .. ci.culotcd wim"'" the publi<h.r. prior co"''"' in any fonn of binding or "m',. other ,h.n ,ha, in ",hich i, i, publioh...J .nd .... ith"'" a " mil ... """di,;on incl"d;n~ 'hi' condition bei ng impo><d on th ••u~ ..qu.." pu,dl ...r , LibT~'1ufCo ~g.t.. Ca tJlogi~g in Pu/J/iu'km n.u A CI P ta,.logu< ,"".d fur ,hi. book i •••• ibbk from th. Ub raty of C<mgro.>. BTiIi," /J/"~ry r", ,~Ir>g.iwg;w P.. blic~,jon DJ'~ A CIP catalogu. record lot 'hi' book i, • • ,il.bl, from , h~ Briti,b Libraty. [SBt>: 0-631-1%71- 7 (lib.) _0-631_19807_5 (Pbk) T yl'<"" in 11 00 1211 pt S.bon by PhOlo·gr~ph icl, Honit"", [)c,.·on Printed and bound in G.~>t Brita;n by Hannolls Limi,( d. BOOm;n, Cornw.1l TIti. book ;. print..! Or! .cid·!,.., P'p<"1. The extracts on pp.91 and 110 from Appian's Roman Historyy vols. 2 and 3, translated by Horace White, are reprinted by kind permission of Harvard University Press. Contents List of Illustrations ix List of Maps XV Preface xvi List of Abbreviations xviii Part I The Search for Illyrians 1 1 Rediscovery of Illyrians 3 Illyrian studies 3 Illyrian landscapes 13 2 Prehistoric Illyrians 28 Illyrian origins: Stone and Bronze Ages 28 Iron Age Illyrians 40 3 Naming Illyrians 67 Illyrian language 67 Illyrian names 74 Part II Greek Illyrians 89 4 Neighbours of the Greeks 91 Adriatic Illyrians 91 Greeks among Illyrians 104 5 Enemies of Macedonia 117 Conquering kings: Philip, Alexander and Pyrrhus 117 Celts, Autariatae and Dardanians 137 6 Kingdom of Illyrians 156 A new power on the Adriatic 156 Roman alliance and conquest 170 viii Contents Part III Roman Illyrians 182 7 Illyricum 183 Dalmatian and Pannonian Illyrians 1 83 Pax Romana 207 8 Life and Death among Illyrians 219 Ways of life 219 Burial and belief 241 9 Imperial Illyrians 254 Emperors from Illyricum 254 Medieval and modern Illyrians 267 Bibliography 281 Index 327 Illustrations 1 Arthur John Evans in 1878 (from Joan Evans, 7 Time and Chance^ London, 1943) 2 Reconstruction of Vucedol Eneolithic settlement 30 (Alexander 1972, 58; after Schmidt 1945, 19) 3 Remains of Neolithic pile-dwellings at Maliq, 36 Albania (reproduced by permission of Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz) 4 Tumulus burial with central grave at Pazhok, 37 Albania (from Shqiperia Arkeologjike, Tirana, 1971) 5 (a) Plan of settlements on the Glasinac plateau 42 (after Covic 1975a) (b) Chieftain burial at Glasinac (Ilijak, Tumulus 43 II) (after Alexander 1972) (c) Bronze greaves from Glasinac burial (after 43 Fiala 1893) (d) Design of ship incised on bronze greaves 44 from Glasinac (after Stipcevic 1977a, 180) 6 Tumulus graves at Kenete, Albania (from 46 Shqiperia Arkeologjike, Tirana, 1971) 7 Plan of hill-settlement at Pod, Bugojno (later 50 phase) (after Covic 1975b) 8 (a) Plans and sections of houses at Donja 52 Dolina (Alexander 1972) (b) Woman's grave at Donja Dolina, with 53 X Illustrations objects enlarged (Alexander 1972) 9 (a) Burial tumulus at Sticna in Slovenia, 1964 60 excavations (Photo: Habic Srecko) (b) Scenes on Vace situla {Situla Art> Belgrade, 61 1965, pi. 1) (c) Bronze situla-covcr from Sticna (Grize), 7th 62 century BC (Narodni Muzej, Ljubljana. Photo: Habic Srecko) 10 Rock-cut tomb at Selce e Poshtme, Albania 123 (reproduced by permission of Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz) 11 Silver coin of King Monounius minted at 129 Dyrrhachium; diameter 21 mm (reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum, London) 12 (a) Plan of Gajtan fortress, Albania (after 131 Popovic 1984) (b) Gate of Gajtan fortress (from Shqiperia 131 Arkeologjike, Tirana, 1971) 13 (a) Plan of Byllis, Gradesht, Albania (after Koch 132 1989, 250) (b) Plan of Byllis, central area (Koch 1989, 251) 132 14 (a) Plan of Zgcrdhesh fortress, Albania (Koch 134 1989, 135) (b) Zgerdhesh west perimeter wall and towers 134 (from Shqiperia Arkeologjike, Tirana, 1971) 15 (a) Plan of Lissus, Lezha, Albania (Koch 1989, 135 141) (b) Plan of southwest gate at Lissus (Koch 135 1989, 142-3) (c) Main gate in wall of middle town, Lissus 135 (reproduced by permission of Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz) 16 (a) Plan of burial tumuli at Atenica, Serbia 142 (Djuknic and Jovanovic 1966a, pi. 28) (b) Stone tomb in Tumulus I at Atenica 143 Illnstnitiitfis xi (l)juknic and Jovanovic llJ66a, pi. 2) (c) Plan ot sacrificial areas in Tumulus II at 143 Atenica (l)juknic and Jovanovic 1966a, pis. 37-8) 17 Bronze helmet inscribed 4Of King Monounios' 147 (Preussische Staatsmuseum, Berlin) 18 Plan of burials in cemetery at Gostilj, 169 Montenegro (after Basler 1972) 19 (a) Bronze coin of Lissus: head of Artemis 178 (obv.), thunderbolt and legend LISSI-TAN (rev.), 2nd century BC; diameter 12 mm (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford) (b) Bronze coin of Illyrian king Genthios 178 (Gentius): Illyrian deity wearing broad hat (obv.), Illyrian ship and legend GENTH (rev.), 180-168BC; diameter 20 mm (reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum, London) (c) Bronze coins of Scodra: head of Zeus (obv.), 178 Illyrian ship with legend SKODRI-NON (rev.), 2nd century BC; diameter 17 mm (E. Thiem/A Peik (Lotus Film), Kaufbeuren) (d) Bronze coin of King Ballaios; diameter 179 16 mm (reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum, London) (e) Bronze coin of Labeates: Illyrian deity 179 wearing broad hat (obv.), Illyrian ship with dolphin and legend LABIATAN (rev.), 2nd century BC; diameter 20 mm (E. Thiem/A Peik (Lotus Film), Kaufbeuren) 20 Fortified places around the poljes of Duvno, 191 Livno and Glamoc with lines of intervisibility (after Benac 1985) 21 (a) Wall masonry at Osanici, Hcrcegovina 193 (Marie 1979b) (b) Gate at Osanici (Marie 1979b) 193 22 Bronze-casting mould from Osanici (Marie 195 1978, pi. 13) XII lllnsthttions 23 Incised scenes of warriors drinking and funeral 199 dancers on a Japodian burial-chest from Ribic, Bosnia (after Vasic 1967) 24 Figured tombstones in the Roman colony at Dyrrhachium, 1st century AD (Durres Museum): (a) Ex-slave Caecilius Laetus ('Happy') 214 (b) Domitius Sarcinator ('Clothes-mender') and 214 his wife Titia 25 The prehistoric village and castelliere in Istria 226 restored by R. F. Burton (Burton 1874, pi. 7) 26 Four male figures on a tombstone from Zenica, 228 Bosnia, 4th century AD (Stipcevic 1966) 27 (a) Bronzevpectoral from Zaton, near Nin, 232 Liburnia (Sime Batovic, 150 Godina Arheoloskoga Muzeja u Zadru, 1982) (b) Jewellery and ornaments worn by Illyrian 232 women (reproduced by permission of Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz) 28 (a) Anthropomorphic bronze pendant from Loz, 234 Slovenia, 5th century BC (Vida Satre, Pra- zgodovina Slovenije, 1971) (b) Bronze pendant from Kompolje, Lika, 234 25 cm long (Archaeological Museum, Zagreb) (c) Bronze temple-band from Gorica, Slovenia 234 (Stipcevic 1966, fig. 7) (d) Japodian metal headgear from Kompolje, 234 Lika (Archaeological Museum, Zagreb) (e) Japodian leather helmets with metal studs 235 and mail from Kompolje, Lika (after Drechsler- Bizic 1968) (f) Bronze and amber jewellery from burial 235 tumulus at Sticna, 6th century BC: (Narodni Muzej, Ljubljana. Photo: Habic Srecko) 29 Silvered bronze belt-plate with scene of combat 236 between warriors and horsemen, from Selce e Poshtme, Albania, 3rd century BC: (Historical Museum, Tirana) 30 Altars with Latin text dedicated by chief of the 239 /////.s7r«///n//\ xin Japodes at Privilica spring, near Bihac, Bosnia, 1st century AD (Stipccvic 1966) 31 Bronze cuirass from Novo Mesto, Slovenia, 7th 240 century he; (Narodni Muzej, Ljubljana. Photo: Habic Srecko) 32 Bronze helmet from a warrior-burial, Kaptol, 240 Slavonia (Archaeological Museum, Zagreb) 33 Decorated clay hearth from Donja Dolina, 242 Bosnia (Stipccvic 1966) 34 Relief of Diana and other deities at Opacici, 246 near Glamoc, Bosnia (Stipcevic 1966) 35 (a) Tombstone of mother and daughter in 248 native style with Greek epitaph, from near Apollonia (Koch 1989, pi. 22) (b) Family tombstone with relief portraits, from 249 Kolovrat, near Prijepolje, Serbia, late 2nd century AD (photo: A. Cermanovic-Kuzmanovic) (c) Portrait reliefs on family tombstones from 250 near Glamoc, Bosnia, 2nd century AD (Bojanovski 1978a) (d) Tombstone, with depictions of jewellery 251 (above) and textile motifs (below), with Latin epitaph from near Sinj, Dalmatia (Gabricevic 1983, pi. 1; Archaeological Museum, Split) 36 Early medieval stone relief with traditional 272 native circles and Christian cross from near Sinj, Dalmatia (Stipcevic 1966) 37 (a) Plan of Sarda fortress, Albania (after V.