University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 5-12-2017 Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion Thomas E. Shumaker University of New Mexico, Albuquerque Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Shumaker, Thomas E.. "Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion." (2017). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/176 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thomas Shumaker Candidate Graduate Unit (Department): History Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Charlie R. Steen, Chairperson Dr. Patricia Risso________________ Dr. Linda Biesele Hall____________ Dr. Marina Peters-Newell_________ i Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion BY Thomas Shumaker B.A. magna cum laude, Ohio University, 1998 M.Div., Concordia Theological Seminary, 2004 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy History The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2017 ii Refuge, Resistance, and Rebellion: Humanism and the Middle Way in the French Wars of Religion By Thomas Shumaker B.A. magna cum laude, Ohio University, 1998 M.Div. Concordia Theological Seminary, 2004 PhD, History, University of New Mexico, 2017 Abstract The assumption that civil war era France divided neatly into two ideological parties is common within the historical scholarly literature. There were, more accurately, three ideological groups in France by the outbreak of the Civil Wars in 1562. Firstly was the reactionary party, made up of entrenched forces of the Crown that had adopted much of the outward symbols of the Renaissance/Humanist movement but at root remained essentially regressive. The Moderate Party, secondly, made up mostly of Catholic Humanists and Renaissance scholars who adopted much of the essence of reform, but stopped short of calling for systematic societal change through revolution. Third, was the Huguenot Party who collated renaissance and humanist understandings into a systematized body of thought, and then proceeded to the next logical step of calling for an essential societal revolution. The 'middle way', described above, preceded the politique party that arose later, becoming prominent especially during the reign of Henri III, but was not identical to it. The middle way that this essay proposes advocated moderate reform in the state as well as the church. It retained much of the outward structures/symbols of the old order but contained the substance of the new changes of the Renaissance. They did not necessarily urge the construction of a powerful, even absolute, royal authority. This trifold division of French society, as well as the concomitant struggle for power that it entailed, contributed to the violence that typified that second half of the 16th century in France. The Crown and established Church sought to maintain power as well as the fundamental societal structures that undergirded their power. The Moderate Party remained loyal to the old order but raised cautious voices against violence, intolerance, and bloodshed. The Genevan/Huguenot party responded initially by passive acceptance, then with armed conflict. iii Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction ......................................................................................................1 Chapter II Boetie, Humanism, and the Middle Way ....................................................29 Chapter III Reaction and Radicalism: François Duc de Guise, Claude Haton, and Blaise de Monluc .......................................................................................................75 Chapter IV The Unique Case of Guillaume and Michel le Rich ...............................102 Chapter V Catherine de Medici and the Catholic League .........................................123 Chapter VI Calvin and the French Reformation ........................................................141 Chapter VII Conclusions ...............................................................................................159 Works Cited ....................................................................................................................181 iv 1 I. Argument and Historiographical Essay: This essay proposes that there were at least three major ideological groups in Civil War era France. The reactionary side was composed essentially of the forces of the Crown and the Catholic Church. This group had adopted much of the outward symbols of the Renaissance/Humanist movement but remained essentially regressive in the policies it pursued. The Middle Way consisted largely of humanist scholars and those influenced by the humanist movement. They adopted much of the essence of reform, but stopped short of calling for systematic societal change through revolution. Most often the Middle Way appears in the scholarly literature as being merely part of the Catholic/Royalist side or the Protestant/Huguenot group rather than as a group in their own right. Lastly, there is the Huguenot side. This group combined Renaissance and Reformation understandings into a systematized body of thought. They then proceeded to call for reform that went deeper than the mere externals of the Renaissance. There was a consistent call for change coming from the radical Calvinists and an equally consistent call for reform emanating from the humanists. The Crown and the Church were the targets of these calls for change. Both, however, occupied a position of authority and prestige at the center of networks of power largely undergirded by feudal webs of interconnectivity and obligation. A substantive change to either the religious or the political sphere—such as that which both the Calvinists and the Humanists suggested—could be construed as threats to the traditional order, maintained by the elites of Church and State. Challenged by two very different yet formidable foes, the Royalist/Catholic forces within the Kingdom of France struggled to maintain not only their power but also the societal bases upon which their power rested. 2 It is possible that the violence typical of the second half of the 16th century in France resulted from the reactionary forces of the Crown attempting to maintain the networks upon which their power rested, the Church, essentially feudal networks of loyalty, and a civil cohesion based upon the acceptance of a hierarchically ordered society. The Crown rested its authority both on networks of personal allegiance, combined with the ecclesiastical sanction provided by the Church, embodied most clearly in the sacre. The Huguenots threatened these structures. They did this through their emphasis on allegiance to the new structure of the Reformed Church, a society that accepted the rudiments of egalitarianism, partly shown by the fact that they eliminated the distinction between cleric and laity, as well as a conditional monarchy based upon the monarch’s right, or godly, conduct. Any government wishes to maintain its own power— otherwise there would be very little point in being a government. The French monarchs of the sixteenth century used legal measures, military force of arms, religious persecution, and propaganda to achieve their goal. The Middle Way remained loyal to the old order but raised cautious objections against violence, intolerance, and bloodshed. The Huguenot side responded initially by passive acceptance, then with armed conflict. A prosopological approach dominates this essay. It moves toward a broader intellectual history of the period, utilizing close textual analysis of the materials combined with a comparative approach that examines the context of the civil wars from a diverse group of writers. Germane to this subject is the dimension of power. Some, like Catherine de Medici, had tremendous power. Others, like Pierre de l’Étoile had little or no power. Consequently, the former remains prominent in discussions of sixteenth century France while the latter much less so. Nevertheless, their historical records survive. A comparative study of both groups is useful in establishing how a variety of levels within society perceived the wars. This study attempts to 3 bring both groups into the narrative. An attempt to span the spectrum of literate French society undergirds the choice of individuals under study as well. What factors guided the selection of the various individuals under study in this essay ? The guiding principle has been to represent the three sides with those who not only typify the thought of each group, but also spans as much of the spectrum as possible. John Calvin, for example, was not only the spiritual and intellectual leader of the Reformed group within France, but he was also a commoner who had received a humanist education, followed by a protestant conversion. For this reason, John Calvin’s life and work appear most in focus for the purposes of this essay for the Huguenot side. While there were other reformers within the French and Swiss religious movements,