Marine Spatial Data Infrastructures – Approaches on Evaluation, Design and Implementation –

Marine Spatial Data Infrastructures – Approaches on Evaluation, Design and Implementation –

Marine spatial data infrastructures – Approaches on evaluation, design and implementation – Dissertation to obtain the degree of doctorate in engineering (Dr.-Ing.) at the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences of the University of Rostock submitted by: MSc Christian Ruh¨ born on May 17, 1985 in Pasewalk [email protected] Advisors: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralf Bill University of Rostock Dr.-Ing. Rainer Lehfeldt Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute (BAW), Hamburg Prof. Dr. Christophe Claramunt Naval Academy Research Institute, France Date of submission: February 21, 2014 Date of viva: June 2, 2014 Rostock, June 30, 2014 Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without all the people who helped and supported me throughout it. Special thanks go to my supervisor Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralf Bill. His extensive experience and input were invaluable in the realization of this thesis. I am also very thankful to my examiners Dr.-Ing. Rainer Lehfeldt from the German Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute and Prof. Dr. Christophe Claramunt from the French Naval Academy Research Institute for their support, continued assistance and guidance. I would also like to thank the past and present members of the MDI-DE project, the sub project directors Johannes Melles (German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, BSH) and Peter Hubner¨ (German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, BfN) are mentioned representatively at this point. Furthermore I would like to acknowledge the generous assistance of my colleagues at the Professorship for Geodesy and Geoinformatics at the University of Rostock. In particular I would like to thank Dr.-Ing. Peter Korduan. His depth of knowledge and devotion to technical research created a positive working atmosphere for me. Dr.- Ing. Gorres¨ Grenzdorffer¨ was also helpful with his useful hints and advices. Many thanks also go to the unknown reviewers of my papers for their advice and hints. My appreciation and thanks also goes to my fiancee´ Sarah Seip for her continuous support and love. Without her this thesis would have not been possible. In conjunction with this I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. med. H. W. S. Schroeder and his colleagues from the Greifswald University Hospital. Abstract Humanity is reliant on and attracted to the marine environment. In order to make use of its resources and to protect it guidelines and directives were and are being developed. To aid the implementation of such efforts spatial data infrastructures (SDIs) can be used. These allow administrative officers and scientists inter alia to publish data and prepare reports. They can also be used by the public or contribute to political decision-making processes. In the marine domain such SDIs are called marine spatial data infrastructures (MSDIs) and Germany began developing one – called MDI-DE – in 2010. Other countries developed MSDIs well before the year 2010 which opens up the opportunity to learn from these approaches. In order to have a rather objective and comparable base an evaluation framework is needed. This implies equal procedures for each MSDI which means that one cannot lose track of things. Furthermore this indicates that the results of the evaluations elaborate the pros and cons (potential pitfalls and things done well). This thesis develops such an evaluation framework to assess MSDIs and applies it to the MSDIs of Ireland, the UK, the USA, Canada and Australia. Another opportunity that opened up because Germany is building a MSDI for the first time is that its development can be based on and guided by a reference model. A reference model structures large and complex distributed systems such as MSDIs with the help of several viewpoints respectively submodels. These allow focusing on specific parts of an architecture and are necessary because different stakeholders have different interests in such a system. The reference model this thesis proposes consists of five such submodels: business, role, process, architecture and implementation. The reference model inter alia envisaged setting up infrastructure nodes with dis- tributed services. Services are a base of a SDI to work. They are also required by the INSPIRE directive. INSPIRE proposes requirements regarding performance so that services are conveniently accessible. Furthermore INSPIRE requires data and metadata to follow a specific structure. The same is true for services themselves because they have to follow given standards and specifications e.g. by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). This thesis uses existing tools to monitor and evaluate services and attempts to clarify whether the results of the tools are comparable and if the INSPIRE requirements can be evaluated with such tools. Lastly, an important aspect of MSDIs, in particular, are terms which are combined in so-called controlled vocabularies respectively thesauri because MSDIs are more scien- tifically oriented and interdisciplinary than terrestrial SDIs. The existing vocabularies did not allow to be used by systems (e.g. for metadata annotation) or be maintained by marine experts (e.g. by using a web authoring tool). To allow such usages this thesis implements a tool to convert the vocabularies into the Simple Knowledge Organisation System (SKOS) format. The conversion into SKOS allows importing the vocabularies into an online thesaurus management tool. Altogether this thesis with focus on specific aspects of evaluation, design and im- plementation of marine spatial data infrastructures should scientifically support the development of the German approach for the MDI-DE. Keywords: Spatial data infrastructure, marine, INSPIRE, reference model, services, modelling Zusammenfassung Die Menschheit ist sowohl von der Meeresumwelt angezogen, als auch auf diese angewiesen. Um sie zu schutzen¨ und ihre Ressourcen zu nutzen, wurden und werden Richtlinien entwickelt, deren Anforderungen u. a. mit Geodateninfrastrukturen (GDIen) erfullt¨ werden konnen.¨ Diese ermoglichen¨ u. a. verantwortlichen Sachbearbeitern oder Wissenschaftlern Daten zu veroffentlichen¨ und Berichte zu erstellen; konnen¨ aber auch von der Offentlichkeit¨ verwandt werden oder zu politischen Entscheidungsprozessen beitragen. Im marinen Umfeld heißen solche GDIen marine Geodateninfrastrukturen (MGDIen) und Deutschland entwickelt eine solche – genannt MDI-DE – seit 2010. Andere Lander¨ entwickelten MGDIen bereits weit vor dem Jahr 2010, was die Moglichkeit¨ eroffnete,¨ von diesen Ansatzen¨ zu lernen. Um eine relativ objektive Basis zu haben, benotigt¨ man einen Bewertungsrahmen. Dieser ermoglicht¨ es, bei der Analyse der MGDIen stets gleich vorzugehen und somit im Ergebnis der Bewertungen die Vor- und Nachteile der existierenden Ansatze¨ herausarbeiten. Diese Arbeit konzipiert einen solchen Bewertungsrahmen fur¨ MGDIen und wendet diesen auf die MGDIen von Irland, Großbritannien, USA, Kanada und Australien an. Eine weitere Chance, die sich dadurch ergibt, dass Deutschland zum ersten Mal eine MGDI aufbaut, ist die Moglichkeit,¨ diese auf Grundlage eines Referenzmodells zu entwickeln. Ein Referenzmodell erlaubt die Strukturierung großer und komplexer verteilter Systeme, wie z. B. MGDIen, mithilfe mehrerer Teilmodelle. Diese ermoglichen¨ u. a. die Konzentration auf bestimmte Teile einer Architektur. Das Referenzmodell, das in dieser Arbeit aufgebaut wird, gliedert sich in die Teilmodelle Geschafts-,¨ Rollen-, Prozess-, Architektur- und Implementierungsmodell. Das Referenzmodell sieht u. a. die Einrichtung von Infrastrukturknoten mit Dien- sten vor. Dienste werden auch von der INSPIRE-Richtlinie gefordert, die uberdies¨ Anforderungen in Bezug auf die Leistungsfahigkeit¨ von Diensten definiert. Daruber¨ hinaus mussen¨ Dienste vorgegebenen Standards und Spezifikationen der International Organization for Standardization und des Open Geospatial Consortiums entsprechen. Diese Arbeit stutzt¨ sich auf bestehende Werkzeuge zur Uberwachung¨ und Bewertung von Diensten und untersucht die Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse der Werkzeuge und ob die Anforderungen von INSPIRE mit solchen Werkzeugen bewertet werden konnen.¨ Abschließend sind Begriffe, die in sogenannten kontrollierten Vokabularen beziehungs- weise Thesauri zusammengefasst werden, ein wichtiger Aspekt insbesondere von MG- DIen, da MGDIen in hoherem¨ Maße wissenschaftlich orientiert und fachubergreifender¨ sind als terrestrische GDIen. Mit den vorhandenen Vokabularen war es nicht moglich,¨ sie von Systemen (z. B. fur¨ die Beschreibung von Metadaten) verwenden oder sie von Wis- senschaftlern gemeinschaftlich pflegen zu lassen. Um solche Nutzungen zu ermoglichen,¨ wird in dieser Arbeit ein Werkzeug entwickelt, das Vokabulare in das Simple Knowledge Organisation System (SKOS) Format konvertiert, was den Import der Thesauri in ein Web-Thesaurus-Management-Tool erlaubt. Insgesamt soll diese Arbeit uber¨ bestimmte Aspekte der Bewertung, des Entwurfs und der Umsetzung von Marinen Dateninfrastrukturen die Entwicklung des deutschen Ansatzes fur¨ die MDI-DE wissenschaftlich unterstutzen.¨ Schlagw¨orter: Geodateninfrastruktur, marin, INSPIRE, Referenzmodell, Dienste, Modellierung vi Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation . .1 1.2 Objectives . .2 1.3 Outlook on the thesis . .4 2 Fundamentals, basic concepts and standards 7 2.1 Spatial Data Infrastructures . .8 2.1.1 Interoperability . .9 2.1.2 SDI definition . 10 2.1.3 Components of an SDI . 11 2.1.4 Classification of SDIs . 12 2.1.5 Marine SDIs . 14 2.2 Geospatial

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