An Integrated Approach to the Conceptual Data Modeling of an Entire Highway Agency Geographic Information System ( GIS )

An Integrated Approach to the Conceptual Data Modeling of an Entire Highway Agency Geographic Information System ( GIS )

An Integrated Approach to the Conceptual Data Modeling of an Entire Highway Agency Geographic Information System ( GIS ) Vorgelegt von M. Sc. Eng. Hande Demirel von der Fakultät VI – Bauingenieurwesen und Angewandte Geowissenschaften der Technische Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften - Dr. Ing. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dieter Lelgemann Berichter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Lothar Gründig Berichter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. M. Orhan Altan Berichter: Dr.-Ing. Habil. Martin Scheu Tag der wissenschaftliche Aussprache: 15. Februar 2002 Berlin 2002 D 83 Acknowledgements i Acknowledgements: During the preparation of this thesis a large group of people have supported the personal effort, whom I like to acknowledge their contributions. I would like to express sincere appreciation to my supervisors Prof. Dr. Lothar Gründig and Prof. Dr. Orhan Altan for giving me several excellent ideas as well as carefully examining the many manuscripts of this thesis and overall being distinguishing “doctor father”s. I wish to thank Dr.-Ing. habil. Martin Scheu for carrying out the official examination of this thesis. I wish to acknowledge the intellectual contributions made by faculty colleagues, especially Dr. Frank Gielsdorf. I appreciate his enthusiasm and interest about spatial information theory as well as for his brilliant suggestions and discussions. A special thanks to Erik Moncrieff for his great assistance during checking and correcting the written English of this thesis. I would like to thank for their cooperative attitude among the various components of the highway community-researchers, government executives, engineers and others with commitments and enthusiasm about spatial information systems. Last, but surely not the least, thanks and appreciation for my parents, Ayşe and İsmail Demirel, for their support and encouragement. Berlin, 2002 Hande Demirel Zusammenfassung ii Titel der Dissertation: Integrierter Ansatz zur konzeptionellen Datenmodellierung eines geographischen Informationssystems (GIS) für Daten der Straßenverwaltung ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Um ihre Aufgaben zu verwirklichen, sind Straßenverwaltungen in aller Welt dazu aufgefordert, neue Technologien einzuführen. Grund dafür ist die große Menge an anfallenden Informationen des Straßennetzes und die Notwendigkeit Datenquellen effizient zu nutzen. Geoinformationssysteme für das Transportwesen (GIS-T), welche speziell für Straßenverwaltungen entwickelt wurden, bewirken eine erhebliche Effizienzsteigerung, da sie am besten in der Lage sind, dem räumlichen Charakter der Daten Rechnung zu tragen. Häufig wurde dieser räumliche Charakter der Informationen bei der Systementwicklung ungenügend beachtet, was dazu führte, dass die Möglichkeiten solcher Systeme nicht voll ausgeschöpft wurden. Die Implementierung eines Systems kann nur dann zu vollem Erfolg führen, wenn eine detaillierte Informationsstrukturanalyse durchgeführt wird und wenn die Datenmodellierung formalisierten Entwurfsmethoden folgt. Im Verlauf der Untersuchungen wurde festgestellt, dass gebräuchliche Systeme verschiedene Anforderungen von Straßenverwaltungen nicht erfüllen. Die Probleme können wie folgt zusammengefasst werden: Die Beziehungen zwischen geometrischen, topologischen und Sachinformationen wurden nicht strukturiert. Die Abbildung von geometrischen Informationen in unterschiedlichen Referenzsystemen war nicht redundanzfrei möglich. Die Verwaltung topologischer Informationen in unterschiedlichen Abstraktionsebenen wurde nicht realisiert. Spezifische Funktionen der Straßenverwaltung wurden nicht in ihrer Gesamtheit abgebildet. Nicht alle existierenden Informationen und Methoden konnten in die Systeme integriert werden. Es ist erforderlich, Metadaten wie Konsistenzbedingungen, Qualitätsangaben und Historisierung im System zu berücksichtigen. Speziell für die Definition von systemübergreifend eindeutigen Objektidentifikatoren sind neue Ansätze erforderlich. Um die Effizienz von GIS-T zu verbessern und die beschriebenen Anforderungen zu erfüllen, wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit schrittweise ein Ansatz für eine konzeptionelle Datenmodellierung vorgestellt, welche den Bedürfnissen einer Straßenverwaltung Rechnung trägt. Der Grundgedanke des vorgeschlagenen Modells besteht in der Abstraktion und der strengen Unterscheidung von geometrischen, topologischen und Sachdaten. Um die Integration aller Daten, die Kontrolle von Redundanz und eine Optimierung der Datenpflege zu erreichen, wurden Trassierungselemente durch datumsinvariante Parameter abgebildet. Das vorgeschlagene konzeptionelle Datenmodell wurde erfolgreich implementiert. Dabei kam ein objektrelationales Datenbanksystem zum Einsatz. Abstract iii Title of Dissertation: An Integrated Approach to the Conceptual Data Modeling of an Entire Highway Agency Geographic Information System ( GIS ) ABSTRACT: World-wide highway administrations are stressed to implement new technologies, due to the large amount of information associated with highway networks and the necessity of using sources efficiently in order to realize their tasks. Geographic Information Systems- Transportation (GIS-T), which are specifically tailored for highway administrations, are identified having the highest information technology payoff potential by the highway administrations due to road information spatial character. Contrarily, road information spatial character is not adequately considered during system design, as a result, many of the benefits of GIS-T are not fully realized and efficiency of this technology is mainly under estimated. The relative success of implemented system is not clear without a detailed information analysis and a data model, which rely on formal data model design methodologies. It was determined during this study that several demands of highway administrations were not responded by means of current systems. These topics can be summarized as follows; firstly, relationships among geometry, topology and thematic information were not structured. The geometry information can not be mapped in various reference systems without redundancy. Thirdly, the non-planar multi- abstraction topological information was not exist. The entire highway administrations business rules can not be performed in the current systems. The existing information and methods were not integrated into the system. The metadata including consistency rules, quality specifications and history information needed to be incorporated into the system. Especially in order to determine permanent, non- spatial and a unique object identifier, regulations and new approaches are required. In order to increase the efficiency of GIS-T and fulfill these requirements, this study considered a progressive approach appropriate to the conceptual data modeling requirements of an entire highway agency. The main approach of the proposed data model was abstraction and decomposition of geometry, topology and non-spatial data. In order to achieve data integration, control of redundancy and optimization of data maintenance, linear elements were mapped by means of datum invariant parameters. The proposed conceptual data model was successfully implemented using the integrated approach in one object-relational system and results were discussed. Contents iv CONTENTS Chapter 1 : Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................1 1.2 Overview of Problems................................................................................................ 1 1.3. Aim of the Study ........................................................................................................ 3 1.4. Contents of the Study ................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 2 : Concepts ............................................................................................................ 5 2.1 General Approaches................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Information Structure Analysis .................................................................................. 6 2.2.1 Spatial Information – Geometry and Topology ................................................. 7 2.2.2 Non-spatial Information ..................................................................................... 8 2.3 Conceptual Data Modeling......................................................................................... 9 2.3.1 Methods of Conceptual Data Modeling ........................................................... 10 2.3.1.1 Entity- Relationship Approach ............................................................................... 11 2.3.1.2 Object-Oriented Approach...................................................................................... 11 2.4 Logical Data Modeling............................................................................................. 12 2.4.1 Relational Data Model ..................................................................................... 13 2.4.2 Object Oriented Data Model ............................................................................ 15 2.4.3 Comparison of Relational and Object-Oriented Approaches........................... 16 2.4.4 Object-Relational Data Model........................................................................

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