Notes Note on Transcription and Transliteration 1. Michael Hunter, ‘How to Edit a Seventeenth Century Manuscript’, Seventeenth Century, 10 (1995), 277–310. Introduction 1. John V. Pickstone, Ways of Knowing: A New History of Science, Technology and Medicine (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000). 2. Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth- Century England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), xxvi. 3. Nuala C. Johnson, Nature Displaced, Nature Displayed: Order and Beauty in Botanical Gardens (London: I. B. Tauris, 2011), 197, argues for botanical gardens as ‘hybrid spaces’ that challenge ideas of centre and periphery. 4. Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (London: Verso, 1993); Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London and New York: Routledge, 1994); Robert Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race (London: Routledge, 1995). 5. Daniela Bleichmar, Visible Empire: Botanical Expeditions and Visual Culture in the Hispanic Enlightenment (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2012), 13. 6. For a succinct argument for the latter viewpoint, Gyan Prakash, Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 12–14. 7. An important exception is Minakshi Menon, ‘British naturalists in eigh- teenth century India’ (Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of San Diego, CA, 2013). Philip J. Stern, The Company-State: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 10, notes that ‘the governance of the “English” empire, at home and abroad was a layered and hybrid affair, resting on multiple constitutional foundations and constantly negotiated among a variety of royal agencies, local governments, councils, assemblies, courts, and corporate and legal communities’. 8. D. A. Washbrook, ‘Orients and Occidents: Colonial Discourse Theory and the Historiography of the British Empire’, in William R. Louis, Robin W. Winks, and Alaine M. Low (eds.) The Oxford History of the British Empire,5 vols., V: Historiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 609; Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Mughals and Franks: Explorations in Connected History (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005). 9. On networks as local at all points, Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, Catherine Porter trans. (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993), 117. For a networked approach to early English oversees expansion, Alison 208 Notes 209 Games, The Web of Empire: English Cosmopolitans in an Age of Expansion, 1560–1660 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). 10. Geoffrey Parker and Lesley M. Smith (eds.) The General Crisis of the Sev- enteenth Century (London: Routledge, 1997); Geoffrey Parker, Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013); Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Com- merce, 2 vols., II: Expansion and Crisis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993). Jan de Vries, ‘The Economic Crisis of the Seventeenth Century after Fifty Years’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 40:2 (2009), 151–194, links the crisis to the overseas expansion of Northern Europe. 11. John Richards, ‘The Seventeenth Century Crisis in South Asia’, Modern Asian Studies, 24:4 (1990), 625–638. 12. Victor B. Lieberman, Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, C 800–1830 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003). 13. Angela Schottenhammer (ed.) Trade and Transfer across the East Asian Mediterranean (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005). 14. Jonathan R. Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650–1750 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). 15. Sheldon I. Pollock (ed.) ‘Introduction’, in Forms of Knowledge in Early Mod- ern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 1–15. 16. Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries, 1400–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). 17. Preetha Savithri Nair, ‘Native Collecting and Natural Knowledge (1798– 1832): Raja Serfoji Ii of Tanjore as a “Centre of Calculation” ’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 15:3 (2005), 279–302; Raja Serfoji II: Science, Medicine and Enlightenment in Tanjore (London: Routledge, 2012). 18. Laura Hostetler, ‘Qing Connections to the Early Modern World: Ethnography and Cartography in Eighteenth-Century China’, Modern Asian Studies, 34:3 (2000), 623–662. 19. Liebermann, Strange Parallels; Alan Strathern, ‘Sri Lanka in the Long Early Modern Period: Its Place in a Comparative Theory of Second Millennium Eurasian History’, Modern Asian Studies, 43:4 (2009), 815–869. 20. Sujit Sivasundaram, ‘Sciences and the Global: On Methods, Questions, and Theory’, Isis, 101:1 (2010), 146–158. 21. Examples include Liebermann, Strange Parallels; Sheldon Pollock, ‘Introduc- tion’, in Forms of Knowledge; John Richards, ‘Early Modern India and World History’, Journal of World History, 8 (1997), 197–209; Lynn A. Struve (ed.) The Qing Formation in World-Historical Time (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni- versity Asia Center, 2004); Sanjay Subrahmanyam, From the Tagus to the Ganges (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005). 22. Jack Goody, Renaissances: The One or the Many? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010). 23. Subrahmanyam, Mughals and Franks; Subrahmanyam, From the Tagus to the Ganges. 24. Examples include Clare Anderson, Subaltern Lives: Biographies of Colonialism in the Indian Ocean World, 1790–1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer- sity Press 2012); Natalie Zemon Davis, Trickster Travels: A Sixteenth- Century Muslim between Worlds (New York: Hill and Wang, 2006); Sanjay 210 Notes Subrahmanyam, Three Ways to Be Alien: Travails and Encounters in the Early Modern World (Waltham: Brandeis University Press, 2011). 25. For example, Avner Ben-Zaken, Reading Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan: A Cross-Cultural History of Autodidacticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011). 26. Paula Findlen, Early Modern Things: Objects and Their Histories, 1500–1800 (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013). 27. Washbrook, ‘Colonial Discourse Theory’, 610. 28. Alan Lester, ‘New Imperial and Environmental Histories of the Indian Ocean’, in Vinita Damodaran, Anna Winterbottom, and Alan Lester (eds.) The East India Company and the Natural World (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 1–15. 29. K. N. Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, 1660–1760 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); N. Robins, The Corporation That Changed the World: How the East India Com- pany Shaped the Modern Multinational (London and Ann Arbor: Pluto Press, 2006), 15. 30. Alicia Schrikker, Dutch and British Colonial Intervention in Sri Lanka, 1780– 1815: Expansion and Reform (Leiden: Brill, 2007). 31. Markus Vink, ‘ “The World’s Oldest Trade”: Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century’, Journal of World History, 14 (2003), 131–177; Kerry Ward, Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009). 32. Harold J. Cook, Matters of Exchange: Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 1. 33. David Armitage and Michael J. Braddick, ‘Introduction’, in Armitage and Braddick (eds.) The British Atlantic World: 1500–1800 (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 1. 34. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic; Vincent Brown, The Reaper’s Garden: Death and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer- sity Press, 2008); Mary Louise Pratt, Travel Writing and Transculturation (Routledge: London, 1992). 35. Judith A. Carney and Richard N. Rosomoff, In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa’s Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2011); Judith A. Carney, Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cul- tivation in the Americas (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001); James H. Sweet, Domingos Álvares, African Healing, and the Intellectual His- tory of the Atlantic World (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011). 36. Londa Sciebinger, ‘Prospecting for Drugs: European Naturalists in the West Indies’, in Londa Schiebinger and Claudia Swan (eds.) Colonial Botany: Science, Commerce and Politics in the Early Modern World (Pennsylvania: Uni- versity of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 119–133; Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, Nature, Empire, and Nature: Explorations of the History of Science in the Iberian World (California: Stanford University Press, 2006). Júnia Ferreira Furtado, ‘Tropical Empiricism: Making Medical Knowledge in Colonial Brazil’; Daniela Bleichmar, ‘Atlantic Competitions: Botany in the Eighteenth- Century Spanish Empire’; ‘Antonio Barrera-Osorio’, ‘Empiricism in the Spanish Atlantic World’, all in Delbourgo and Dew (eds.) Science and Empire in the Atlantic World. Notes 211 37. Neil Safier, Measuring the New World: Enlightenment Science and South America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008). 38. Michael T. Bravo, ‘Mission Garden, Natural History and Global Expansion, 1720–1820’, in Schiebinger and Swan (eds.) Colonial Botany, 49–65. 39. Mordechai Feingold (ed.) Jesuit Science and the Republic of Letters (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 2003); Ines G. Zupanov, Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Fron- tier in India (16th–17th Centuries) (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005); M. N.