Benefits and challenges of insect biocontrol 179 Selecting potential non-target species for host range testing of Eadya paropsidis T.M. Withers1, G.R. Allen2 and C.A.M. Reid3 1Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand, 2School of Land & Food/TIA, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia 3Entomology Dept., Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Classical biological control is proposed for Paropsis charybdis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae), a eucalypt pest established in New Zealand. The Australian solitary larval endoparasitoid Eadya paropsidis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is under investigation. A potential non-target species list was compiled for host range testing. There are no endemic species of paropsines in the New Zealand fauna, only invasive pest beetles. The most closely related endemic beetles to the paropsines are Chrysomelinae in the genera Allocharis, Aphilon, Caccomolpus, Chalcolampra and Cyrtonogetus. Little is known about these species. New Zealand has also introduced 12 beneficial chrysomelid weed biological control agents, which include Chrysomelinae and their sister group the Galerucinae. One endemic beetle, six beneficial beetles and two pest beetles are listed as the highest priority species for host specificity testing. Keywords biological control, host specificity testing, Chrysomelidae, paropsine. INTRODUCTION Host range testing prior to introducing a classical biological control agent, and secondly by the biological control agent provides an estimate of feasibility of obtaining laboratory colonies of the risk of negative impacts on non-target species the non-target species for testing. During host Barratt et al. (1999). Phylogeny is a valuable range testing, any new information gathered starting point for predicting and assessing the (such as attack by the proposed agent on one field host range of a parasitoid (Hoddle 2004), of the non-target species) may alter the type but other criteria such as ecological similarities or extent of testing required, and potentially are also very important (Kuhlmann et al. 2006). reduce or increase the final list of non-target Kuhlmann et al. (2006) proposed developing an species that are actually screened (Kuhlmann et initial list of all potential non-target species based al. 2006). This approach will be closely followed on phylogenetic affinities, ecological similarity to for obtaining a list of non-targets for host range the target, and socioeconomic considerations. testing of Eadya paropsidis Huddleston & Short This list is then filtered by spatial, temporal and (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). biological attributes such as size that might make Paropsis charybdis Stål is a eucalypt defoliator a species effectively inaccessible to the proposed from Australia that has been present in New New Zealand Plant Protection 68: 179-186 (2015) www.nzpps.org © 2015 New Zealand Plant Protection Society (Inc.) www.nzpps.org Refer to http://www.nzpps.org/terms_of_use.html Benefits and challenges of insect biocontrol 180 Zealand (NZ) since 1916 (Bain & Kay 1989) (G.R. Allen, unpublished data). The peak adult and continues to be the most significant pest of stage in December coincides with the peak early eucalypts throughout the country. In particular instar larval stage of many paropsines, including Eucalyptus nitens (Deane et Maiden) Maiden the abundant P. agricola (Rice 2005b). In 2014 plantations from Southland to the central North Eadya paropsidis was imported into containment Island can be heavily defoliated, and numerous in NZ for rearing so that host range testing could other Eucalyptus species in warmer regions are begin. This paper outlines the process for developing also highly palatable to the pest. The cost of a list of non-target species for host range testing. managing P. charybdis (Withers et al. 2013) is a risk for new forest plantations being developed METHODS for timber, pulp and paper. Egg parasitoids of An analysis of the NZ coleopteran fauna and P. charybdis have proven inadequate for published phylogenies was conducted to establish population suppression (Mansfield et al. 2011). which species of Chrysomelidae present in NZ had Tasmania was selected as the source area for a the closest taxonomic affinities to P. charybdis. To renewed search for natural enemies of P. charybdis, reduce all these potential non-target species down because this species outbreaks occasionally there to a testing list, the “filters” of spatial, temporal and (De Little 1989). Also Tasmania is known to biological attributes were then applied. Spatially, be a good climatic match to plantation forest those species present in the same or overlapping areas of NZ (Murphy 2006). Three years of field habitats to P. charybdis can be identified, but and laboratory research identified the most any non-target species cannot be ruled out at promising agent to target first generation larvae this stage because there is no information on the of P. charybdis as the parasitoid, E. paropsidis propensity for E. paropsidis to search for hosts in (Withers et al. 2012). other habitats. Furthermore, P. charybdis has a Eadya paropsidis is a solitary larval nationwide distribution in NZ, wherever eucalypts koinobiont parasitoid specific to Paropsis and are grown, which includes trees on the margin of Paropsisterna species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: other habitats. Temporally, species can be filtered Chrysomelinae) in Australia (Rice 2005a). It is down to those with larvae present when the adult a medium sized (ca 10 mm) black wasp with a parasitoid E. paropsidis will be active. The target bright orange head. Eadya paropsidis oviposits pest P. charybdis is broadly bivoltine in NZ. Larvae small (0.16 mm), hydropic eggs directly into are present from November to December, and the haemocoel of its hosts, and can attack all February to March (Bain & Kay 1989; Murphy & larval instars (Rice 2005b). Eggs of E. paropsidis Kay 2000; Jones & Withers 2003), with overlapping hatch in around 5 days at 22°C (Rice 2005a). adult generations. Developmental rates of E. paropsidis from egg Rice (2005b) documented adult E. paropsidis insertion in the host to pupation in Paropsisterna activity in the field from adult emergence traps, agricola (Chapius) have been determined over a malaise traps and parasitised larvae collections range of temperatures and average 21 days at 20°C and found adults to be active from early December (Rice & Allen 2009). Eadya paropsidis emerges to early February but peaking in December. from the host’s prepupal stage, spins a silk cocoon, Adult E. paropsidis collected in the field live for and then undergoes an obligate pupal diapause a maximum of 24 days in the laboratory (Rice for around 10 months until the following summer 2005a). Based on climate matching the phenology (Rice 2005a). Information (Rice 2005b) collected of E. paropsidis is expected to be identical in both from one field site over 2 years suggests E. paropsidis countries. In summary, only non-target species is univoltine in Tasmania, with adults present in with larvae present in early to mid summer are November and December. Recent field collections under likelihood of attack. reveal it is widely distributed from sea level The final filter to be applied to predict risk to (near Hobart) to 600 m (near Cradle Mountain) non-target species is biological attributes. Size is © 2015 New Zealand Plant Protection Society (Inc.) www.nzpps.org Refer to http://www.nzpps.org/terms_of_use.html Benefits and challenges of insect biocontrol 181 the most obvious. Eadya paropsidis has been reared NZ. Beetles that feed on Acacia in NZ include successfully in the laboratory on a wide range of host Peltoschema sp. (Kuschel 1990; Reid 2006) larval sizes, with ovipostion into hosts ranging in size and Dicranosterna semipunctata (Chapius). from first instar P. agricola (ca 0.5 mg) through to The former has a much smaller body size than final instar P. charybdis (ca 120 mg) (G.R. Allen, P. charybdis, whereas the latter has a similar unpublished data). Eadya paropsidis prefers early body size and phenology to P. charybdis, and the instars of P. agricola to parasitise and reaches on first generation larvae feed on new phyllodes in average around 26-36 mg pupal weight in this December (Murray & Withers 2011). host (G.R. Allen unpublished data; Rice 2005b). The phylogenetic relatedness of the target Minimum viable host size limits have not yet been species to other Chrysomelidae in NZ, is an ascertained so non-target species cannot be ruled important consideration for selecting non- out at this stage based on larval size. The only target species for testing. The introduced beetle biological attributes required for non-target larvae P. charybdis, belongs to the genus Paropsis, with are that they have a leaf feeding mode (E. paropsidis approximately 70 species, 68 in Australia and searches on eucalypt leaves for host larvae), and are 2 in New Guinea (Reid 2006). This is one of exposed during the day when E. paropsidis is active. 11 closely related genera known in Australia as Potential non-target species present in NZ are paropsines (Reid 2006; Jurado-Rivera et al. 2009). taken through these filters to produce a revised list There are no native NZ paropsines, apart from of species for host range testing against E. paropsidis. the introduced pests already mentioned. The paropsines are a clade of genera in the chrysomelid RESULTS AND DISCUSSION subfamily Chrysomelinae, which includes more Categories for consideration of non-target species than 120 genera and 4000 species worldwide. The categories used for selecting an initial test Larvae of Chrysomelinae feed on leaves or list include ecological similarities, phylogenetic rarely flowers. New Zealand has approximately relatedness and safeguarding of beneficial insects 40 native species of Chrysomelinae in five genera: (Kuhlmann et al. 2006). Allocharis, Aphilon, Caccomolpus, Chalcolampra The ecological similarity category includes and Cyrtonogetus (Reid 2006). These genera form beetles with external leaf-feeding larvae that feed a separate clade or clades from paropsines and on Eucalyptus spp.