University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 2002 A comparative study of the democratization process in Kenya, Malawi and Zambia during the 1990s. Tilo E. Stolz University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Stolz, Tilo E., "A comparative study of the democratization process in Kenya, Malawi and Zambia during the 1990s." (2002). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 2567. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/2567 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESS IN KENYA, MALAWI AND ZAMBIA DURING THE 1990s A Thesis Presented by TILO E. STOLZ Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS September 2002 Political Science A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESS IN KENYA, MALAWI AND ZAMBIA DURING THE 1990s A Thesis Presented by TILO E. STOLZ Approved as to style and content by: Carlene J. Edie, Chair lO/U^ Dean E, Robinson, Member Jerome M. Mileur, Department Head D4partment of Political Science DEDICATION To my parents Alfred and Renate Stolz and my grandmother Elsa Weber ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Prof. Carlene Edie for chairing my thesis committee and Prof. Dean Robinson and Prof. Frank Holmquist for serving as members. I would further like to thank Prof. Jerome Mileur and Donna Dove of the Political Science Department for their support. I benefited greatly from the comments and helpful suggestions of Robin Ludwig, Michael Langan, Christof Hartmann, Florian Grotz and Katrin Sell. I am very grateful for the understanding and support of all the members of the Monitoring Group pursuant Security Council Resolution 1390 (2002) at the United Nations, especially its chairman, Michael Chandler. I also greatly appreciated the support and encouragement I received from the Chief of the Security Council Subsidiary Organs Branch in the Department of Political Affairs of the United Nations, Steven Avedon. I would like to thank the friendly staff of the Dag Hammarskjold Library of the United Nations, especially Alissar Khoury, Ramona Kohrs, Hawa Knuckles and Nasra Soud, for their assistance. I am also indebted to the Friedrich-Ebert Foundation for providing me with financial support during my studies in Germany and the United States of America. IV 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix CHAPTER 1. ^ INTRODUCTION 1 > 2. CONCEPTUALIZATION OF DEMOCRACY 8 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 16 3 . 1 Political Liberalization 17 3.2 Democratic Transition / Democratization 1 3.3 Democratic Consolidation 21 4. KENYA 25 4. 1 Historical Context 26 4.1.1 The Kenyatta Era 1963-1978 27 4. 1 .2 From Clientelism to Personal Rule - The Presidency of Daniel arap Moi 30 4.2 Political Liberalization 33 4 . 3 Democratic Transition / Democratization 40 4.3.1 The Formation of Opposition Parties 40 4.3.2 The 1992 Elections 43 4.3.3 The 1997 Elections 48 4.3.4 Constitutional Reform 55 4.3.5 Summary 58 4.4 Prospects5.3.1 for Democratic Consolidation 60 63 5. MALAWI 63 5 . 1 Historical Context 68 5.2 Political Liberalization 76 5.3 Democratic Transition / Democratization The Formation of Opposition Parties 76 V 5.3.2 Legal and Constitutional Changes / Reforms 77 5.3.3 The Role of the Military 79 5.3.4 The 1994 Elections gl 5.3.5 The 5.4 1999 Elections 84 5.3.6 Summary 89 Prospects for Democratic Consolidation 91 6. ZAMBIA 6. 1 Historical Context 96 6.1.1 The First Republic; 1964-1972 97 6.1.2 The Second Republic; 1973-1990 98 6.2 Political Liberalization 101 6.3 Democratic Transition / Democratization 1 05 6.3.1 The Formation of Opposition Parties 106 6.3.2 Constitutional and Electoral Reforms 1 07 6.3.3 The 1991 Elections 110 6.3.4 The 1996 Elections 112 6.3.5 The 2001 Elections 119 6.3.6 Summary 124 6.4 Prospects for Democratic Consolidation 126 f 1. COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES 130 7 . 1 Historical Context 130 7.2 Political Liberalization 136 7.3 Democratic Transition / Democratization 1 39 7.3.1 Formation of Political Parties 140 7.3.2 The Multiparty Elections 144 7.3.3 The Constitutional Reform Process 148 7.4 Prospects for Democratic Consolidation 151 8. CONCLUSION 154 ^ APPENDICES A. MAP OF KENYA 165 B. KENYAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 1992; RESULTS BY PROVINCE AND CANDIDATE 166 VI : C. KENYAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 1992; PIE CHART ILLUSTRATION OF RESULTS BY PROVINCE 167 D. KENYAN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 1992: DISTRIBUTION OF SEATS BY PROVINCE 168 E. KENYAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 1997: RESULTS BY PROVINCE AND CANDIDATE 169 F. KENYAN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 1997: DISTRIBUTION OF SEATS BY PROVINCE 1 70 G. MAP OF MALAWI 171 H. 1993 REFERENDUM: RESULTS BY DISTRICT 172 I. 1993 REFERENDUM: GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATION OF RESULTS BY DISTRICT I73 J. MALAWIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 1994: RESULTS BY DISTRICT I74 K. MALAWIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 1994; GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATION OF VOTES FOR THE AFORD CANDIDATE CHIHANA BY DISTRICT I75 L. MALAWIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 1994: GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATION OF VOTES FOR THE MCP CANDIDATE BANDA BY DISTRICT 176 M. MALAWIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 1 994: GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATION OF VOTES FOR THE UDF CANDIDATE MULUZI BY DISTRICT 177 N. MALAWIAN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 1994: RESULTS BY DISTRICT 178 O. MALAWIAN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 1994: SEATS PER PARTY BY DISTRICT 179 P. MALAWIAN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 1 994; GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATION OF VOTES FOR AFORD BY DISTRICT 1 80 Q. MALAWIAN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 1994: GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATION OF VOTES FOR MCP BY DISTRICT 181 R. MALAWIAN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 1994: GRAPHIC ILLUSTRATION OF VOTES FOR UDF BY DISTRICT 182 S. MALAWIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 1 999; RESULTS BY REGION 183 T. MALAWIAN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 1999: RESULTS BY REGION 184 U. MAP OF ZAMBIA 185 V. ZAMBIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 1991 RESULTS BY PROVINCE 186 W. ZAMBIAN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 1991: RESULTS BY PROVINCE 187 X. ZAMBIAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 1996: RESULTS BY PROVINCE 188 Y. ZAMBIAN PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 1996: RESULTS BY PROVINCE 189 vii BIBLIOGRAPHY 190 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AFORD Alliance for Democracy ANC Northern Rhodesia African National Congress AZ Agenda for Zambia CAF Central African Federation CCAP Church of Central Africa Presbyterian CCBI Council of Churches for Britain and Ireland CCC Committee for a Clean Campaign CCCC Citizens Coalition for Constitutional Change CCM Christian Council of Malawi CCZ Christian Council of Zambia CJPC Catholic Justice and Peace Commission CKRC Constitution of Kenya Review Commission CNU Caucus for National Unity COTU Central Organization of Trade Unions CPK Anglican Church of the Province of Kenya CSR Congress for a Second Republic of Malawi DCF District Consultative Forum DP Democratic Party EC European Community ECZ Electoral Commission of Zambia EU European Union IX FDD Forum for Democracy and Development FODEP Forum for a Democratic Process FORD Forum for the Restoration of Democracy FRN Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland GEMA Gikuyu Embu Mem Association GSU General Service Unit HP Heritage Party ICDA Interim Committee for a Democratic Alliance ICJ International Commission of Jurists lED Institute of Education for Democracy IMF International Monetary Fund IPK Islamic Party of Kenya IPPG Inter-Parties Parliamentary Group KADU Kenya African Democratic Union KANU Kenya African National Union KBC Kenya Broadcasting Cooperation KENDA Kenya National democratic Alliance KNC Kenya National Congress KPU Kenya People’s Union KSC Kenya Socialist Congress LAZ Law Association of Zambia LESOMA Socialist League of Malawi LPD Labour Party Democracy X LPF Liberal Progressive Front LSK Law Society of Kenya MAFREMO Malawi Freedom Movement MBC Malawi Broadcasting Cooperation MCB Malawi Censorship Board MCP Malawi Congress Party MDP Malawi Democratic Party MDP Movement for Democratic Progress MDU Malawi Democratic Union MMD Movement for Multiparty Democracy MUZ Mineworker’s Union of Zambia MYP Malawi Young Pioneers NAC Nyasaland African Congress NADA National Democratic Alliance NCA National Constitutional Assembly NCC National Consultative Council NCCF National Constitutional Consultative Forum NCCK National Council of Churches in Kenya NCEC National Convention Executive Council NCPC National Convention Planing Committee NDA National Democratic Alliance NDP National Development Party NEC National Executive Committee XI NLP National Lima Party NP National Party NPD National Party for Democracy OAU Organization of African Unity PAC Public Affairs Committee PCEA Presbyterian Church of East Africa PF Patriotic Party PICK Party of Independent Candidates of Kenya PSC Parliamentary Select Committee RCMT Religious Community Mediation Ream SATUCC Southern Africa Trade Union Coordination Council SAPs Structural Adjustment Programs SDP The Social Democratic Party UDF United Democratic Front UFMD United Front for Multiparty Democracy UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNIP United National Independence Party UP United Party UPND United Party for National Development UPP United Progressive Party WARC World Alliance of Reformed Churches Xll ZAP Zambia Alliance