1. PaDIL Species Factsheet Scientific Name: Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Broome (Urediniomycetes, Uredinales) Common Name Coffee Rust Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/Pest/Main/136586 Image Library Australian Biosecurity Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/ Partners for Australian Biosecurity image library Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment https://www.awe.gov.au/ Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia https://dpird.wa.gov.au/ Plant Health Australia https://www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/ Museums Victoria https://museumsvictoria.com.au/ 2. Species Information 2.1. Details Specimen Contact: Dr Jose Liberato - [email protected] Author: Liberato JR & Silva MC Citation: Liberato JR & Silva MC (2005) Coffee Rust(Hemileia vastatrix)Updated on 10/1/2006 Available online: PaDIL - http://www.padil.gov.au Image Use: Free for use under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY- NC 4.0) 2.2. URL Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/Pest/Main/136586 2.3. Facets Status: Exotic species - absent from Australia Group: Fungi Commodity Overview: Field Crops and Pastures Commodity Type: Beans & Peas Distribution: Cosmopolitan 2.4. Diagnostic Notes Symptoms Yellowish-orange, powdery, rounded blotches occur on the underside of leaves, which correspond to a chlorosis of the upper surface. Later, the centre of the old pustules becomes necrotic. Premature defoliation and die-back of the branches can occur. The fungus Spermogonia and aecia unknown. Sori hypophyllous, densely scattered and giving a powdery appearance on yellowish-orange rounded blotches about 3-25 mm in diam., consisting of numerous narrow interwoven ‘feeder” hyphae and ± rounded cells below the stomata, bearing clavate filaments emerging through the stomata, whose tips bear numerous pedicels on which the spores are borne. Urediospores ± reniform, 28-36 x 18-28 µm, wall hyaline, strongly warted on the convex face, smooth on the straight or concave face, 1 µm thick (Laundon & Waterston 1964b). Teliospores are rarely found. Telia as the uredinia, hypophyllous; teliospores often produced in uredinia, sometimes in teliosori, borne in cluster on short pedicels, 1-celled, spherical or napiform and smooth with aterminal papilla, 16-25 × 19-22 µm, borne. Teliospores germinate in situ by producing a promycelium, from which four spherical basidiospores are formed (Coutinho et al. 1995). Fungal infection The initiation of the dycariotic phase of H. vastatrix on coffee leaves involves specific events including appressorium formation over stomata, penetration inter- and intracellular colonization (Rijo & Rodrigues Jr. 1977, Tiburzy et al. 1983, Coutinho et al. 1993, Martins & Moraes 1996, Silva et al. 1999, 2002). Thus, in susceptible coffee leaves, after urediospore germination and appressorium differentiation over stomata the fungus penetrates forming a penetration hypha that grew into the substomatal chamber. This hypha produces at the advancing tip two thick lateral branches; each hypha and its branches resembled in the whole an anchor. From each lateral branch of the anchor is borne a hypha (haustorial mother cell – HMC), the subsidiary cells being the first invaded by haustoria (which formation started around 36h post-inoculation). The fungus pursued its growth giving rise to sporulation around 20 days post-inoculation (Rijo & Rodrigues 1977, Silva et al. 1999, 2002). Note: H. vastatrix differs from H. coffeicola, which also occurs on Coffea spp., by having yellow-orange coloured spots on the leaf rather than being scattered over the entire leaf surface; and by urediniospores which have smaller and more numerous spines (Laundon & Waterston 1964a,b). 2.5. References Azinheira MHG (2005). Aspectos citológicos e bioquímicos durante a diferenciação de estruturas de infecção de H. vastatrix. Tese de Doutoramento. Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (Instituto Superior de Agronomia). 163 pp. CAB International (1998) Distribution maps of plant diseases. Hemileia vastatrix. Map 5. Coutinho TA, Rijkenberg FHJ, Van Asch MAJ (1993) Development of infection structures by Hemileia vastatrix in resistant and susceptible selections of Coffea and in Phaseolus vulgaris. Canadian Journal of Botany 71:1001-1008. Coutinho, T.A.; Rijkenberg, F.H.J.; Asch, M.A.J. van (1995). Teliospores of Hemileia vastatrix. Mycological Research 99: 932-934. Cummins GB, Hiratsuka Y (2003) Genera of rust fungi. 3 ed. (APS Press: St. Paul, Minnesota, USA). Kushalappa AC, Eskes AB (1989) Coffee rust: epidemiology, resistance, and management. (CRC Press). Laundon GF, Waterston JM (1964a). Hemileia coffeicola. CMI Descriptions of pathogenic fungi and bacteria. No. 2. (Commonwealth Mycological Institute: Kew, UK). Laundon GF, Waterston JM (1964b). Hemileia vastatrix. CMI Descriptions of pathogenic fungi and bacteria. No. 1. (Commonwealth Mycological Institute: Kew, UK). Martins EMF, Moraes WBC (1996) Development of Hemileia vastatrix in coffee plants with genetic and induced resistance. Journal of Phytopathology 144:519- 526. Rijo L, Rodrigues Jr. CJ (1977) The infection process of Hemileia vastatrix in susceptible and resistant cultivars of Coffea arabica. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Coffee Science (ASIC), Abidjan, Ethiopia, pp.509-510. Rijo L, Silva MC, Vasconcelos MI (1990). Alguns aspectos morfológicos e citológicos do uredósporo e tubo germinativo de Hemileia vastatrix e da reacção de incompatibilidade da associação Coffea spp. - H. vastatrix. Revista de Ciências Agrárias XIII: 169-178. Silva MC, Nicole M, Guerra-Guimarães L, Rodrigues Jr. CJ (2002). Hypersensitive cell death and post-haustorial defense responses arrest the orange rust (Hemileia vastatrix) growth in resistant coffee leaves. Physiologial and Molecular Plant Pathology 60: 169-183. Silva MC, Nicole, M, Rijo L, Geiger JP, Rodrigues Jr. CJ (1999) Cytochemistry of plant-rust fungus interface during the compatible interaction Coffea arabica (cv. Caturra)- Hemileia vastatrix (race III). International Journal of Plant Science 160: 79-91. Silva MC, Várzea V, Guerra- Guimarães L, Azinheira HG, Fernandez D, Petitot A-S, Bertrand B, Lashermes P, Nicole M. (2006). Coffee resistance to the main diseases: leaf rust and coffee berry disease. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 18: 119-147. Tiburzy R, Martins EMF, Moraes WBC (1983) Visualization of Hemileia vastatrix structures in coffee leaves by fluorescence microscopy. Fitopatologia Brasileira 8:461-466. Zambolim L, Vale FXR, Pereira AA, Chaves GM (1997) Virus, bacterial and fungal diseases of Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) In: Vale FXR & Zambolim L (Eds.) Control of plant diseases. (Suprema Gráfica e Editora: Viçosa-MG, Brazil). pp.83-180. (In Portuguese). 3. Diagnostic Images Pustules on leaf Rust pustule parasitized by Verticillium Host Symptoms: Dr Jose Liberato DPI&F lecanii (copyright M.B. Figueiredo, for use contact email address). Host symptoms - leaves: Mario B. Figueiredo Instituto Biologico Pustule containg uredospores (yellow) at its Appressorium (A) over stomata and external part and teliospores (hyaline) at its intercellular hypha with haustoria (h) in the center. In Brazil, this type of pustule occurs subsidiary cells (copyright M.C. Silva, for only during the winter (copyright M.B. use contact [email protected]). Figueiredo, for use contact email address). LM: Maria do Céu Silva (Silva et al. 2006) Host symptoms - leaves: Mario B. CIFC Figueiredo Instituto Biologico Hyphae and haustoria (h) within mesophyll Hyphae, haustoria (h) and an uredosporic cells (copyright M.C. Silva, for use contact sorus (copyright M.C. Silva, for use contact [email protected]). [email protected]). LM: Maria do Céu Silva CIFC LM: Maria do Céu Silva CIFC Germinated hyaline teliospore (copyright Urediniosporic sori (copyright H. Azinheira, M.B. Figueiredo, for use contact email for use contact [email protected]) address). SEM: Helena Azinheira CIFC LM: Mario B. Figueiredo Instituto Biologico Urediniosporic sori (copyright K. Matsuoka, Urediniosporic sorus (copyright H. Azinheira, for use contact [email protected]) for use contact [email protected]) SEM: Kiyoshi Matsuoka UFV SEM: Helena Azinheira CIFC Urediniospore (copyright M.C. Silva, for use Germinated urediniospores (U) with germ contact [email protected]) tubes (T) and appressorium (A) over leaf SEM: Maria do Céu Silva (Rijo et al. 1990) stomata (copyright M.C. Silva, for use CIFC contact [email protected]) SEM: Maria do Céu Silva (Rijo et al. 1990) CIFC Appressorium over leaf stomata (copyright Appressorium over leaf stomata (copyright M.C. Silva, for use contact [email protected]). H. Azinheira, for use contact [email protected]). SEM: Maria do Céu Silva (Rijo et al. 1990) SEM: Helena Azinheira (Azinheira 2005) CIFC CIFC An empty appressorium (A) over leaf Hyphae in the intercellular spaces (copyright stomata, indicating that the fungus already H. Azinheira, for use contact [email protected]). penetrated (copyright M.C. Silva, for use SEM: Helena Azinheira CIFC contact [email protected]). SEM: Maria do Céu Silva CIFC Haustorium (h) inside a mesophyll cell Urediniospore (copyright H. Azinheira, for use contact Spores in LM: Dr Jose Liberato DPI&F [email protected]). SEM: Helena Azinheira (Azinheira 2005) CIFC Urediniospores Urediniospores Spores in LM: Dr Jose Liberato DPI&F Spores in LM: Dr Jose Liberato DPI&F Urediniospores Urediniospores Spores in LM: Dr Jose Liberato DPI&F Spores in LM: Dr Jose Liberato DPI&F Urediniospores Urediniospore Spores in LM: Dr Jose Liberato DPI&F Spores in LM: Dr Jose Liberato DPI&F Pustule Pustule Stereo microscope: Dr Jose Liberato DPI&F Stereo microscope: Dr Jose Liberato DPI&F Results Generated: Thursday, September 30, 2021 .