BEYOND THE PALISADE: A GEOPHYSICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE 3RD TERRACE AT ANGEL MOUNDS STATE HISTORIC SITE Matthew David Pike Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology, Indiana University December 2012 Accepted by the Faculty of Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. _________________________________ Jeremy J. Wilson, Ph.D., Chair Master’s Thesis _________________________________ Committee G. William Monaghan, Ph.D. _________________________________ Larry J. Zimmerman, Ph. D. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks first and foremost to my wife, Abra, for living the dream with me; to my family for keeping me going; to Jeremy Wilson and everyone at IUPUI and Bill Monaghan and Tim Baumann at the Glenn Black Lab for providing me with the opportunity, resources, and guidance to complete this project; to the GBL for trusting me with the mag and turning me loose with it; and to all the field school students who spent the summer moving my lines 25 cm at a time. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... vii Chapter One – Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter Two – A History of Angel Mounds ......................................................................... 6 A History of Angel Mounds as an Archaeological Site ............................................ 6 WPA Era Excavations and Indiana University Field Schools .................................. 10 Chapter Three – Research Plan ......................................................................................... 15 Third Terrace Legacy Collection ............................................................................. 15 Magnetometry at Angel Mounds ............................................................................. 17 Shovel Test Survey ................................................................................................. 18 Intellectual Merit and Broader Impact ..................................................................... 19 Chapter Four – The Third Terrace Excavations .................................................................. 23 Chapter Five – Magnetometry ............................................................................................ 43 Geophysics at Angel Mounds and the Wider Mississippian World ......................... 48 Chapter Six – Materials and Methods ................................................................................. 54 Magnetometry ......................................................................................................... 54 Shovel Testing ........................................................................................................ 62 The Third Terrace ................................................................................................... 64 Chapter Seven – Results .................................................................................................... 70 Magnetometry Survey ............................................................................................. 70 Shovel Test Survey ................................................................................................. 81 3rd Terrace Legacy Collection Analysis ................................................................... 85 Ceramic Statistical Analysis .................................................................................... 89 14C Dating of 3rd Terrace Occupation ...................................................................... 92 iv Chapter Eight – Discussion and Conclusions ..................................................................... 94 Magnetometry ......................................................................................................... 94 Shovel Test Survey ................................................................................................. 99 3rd Terrace Legacy Collection ................................................................................. 102 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 110 Appendices Appendix 7.1 – 2011 Shovel Test Survey ............................................................... 115 Appendix 7.2 – 2011 Positive Shovel Tests ............................................................ 131 Appendix 7.3 – ANOVA – Mean Orifice Diameter, Split Vessel Type ..................... 133 Appendix 7.4 – Chi-Square - Vessel Type, Four Angel Mounds Areas .................. 138 References .......................................................................................................................... 140 Curriculum Vitae v LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Angel Mounds Ceramic Types ........................................................................... 39 Table 4.2: 3rd Terrace Decorated Ceramics – Prior to Reanalysis ...................................... 42 Table 6.1: Mean Orifice Diameter of Vessel Types from Four Locations ........................... 67 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: 1881 Cyrus Thomas Map ................................................................................. 7 Figure 2.2: 1896 A.H. Purdue Map ..................................................................................... 8 Figure 2.3: 1937 Eli Lilly Map .............................................................................................. 9 Figure 2.4: Planview of 1939 3rd Terrace Excavations ........................................................ 11 Figure 3.1: 2005 Aerial Photography of Angel Mounds, with the 3rd Terrace ..................... 16 Figure 6.1: 2011/2012 3rd Terrace Survey Area (30 x 30 m grids) ...................................... 55 Figure 6.2: Completed Survey Grid Blocks with Corner Coordinates ................................. 56 Figure 6.3: Examples of monopolar and dipolar magnetic anomalies ................................ 59 Figure 6.4 (a): Clip Function - No Clip → ±50 nT Clip →±10 nT Clip ................................. 60 Figure 6.4 (b): Destripe Function – Before and After .......................................................... 60 Figure 6.4 (c): Destagger Function – Before and After ....................................................... 61 Figure 6.4 (d): Despike Function – Before and After .......................................................... 61 Figure 6.5: 2011 Shovel Test Survey .................................................................................. 63 Figure 7.1: Completed Magnetometry Survey .................................................................... 72 Figure 7.2: Magnetically quiet area ..................................................................................... 73 Figure 7.3: High magnetic disturbance ............................................................................... 73 Figure 7.4: SE portion of survey area ................................................................................. 75 Figure 7.5 (a): DNR Dept. of Engineering survey ............................................................... 76 Figure 7.5 (b): Aerial photograph of IU Field School Barracks and WPA outbuildings ....... 76 Figure 7.6: “Zig-Zag” Anomaly ............................................................................................ 77 Figure 7.7: Example of linear anomalies ............................................................................. 77 Figure 7.8: 0.25 meter resurvey of magnetic anomalies within grid blocks 115 & 118 ....... 79 Figure 7.9: Comparative anomalies from the main Angel Mounds site .............................. 79 Figure 7.10: Unidentified monopolar and curvilinear dipolar anomalies ............................. 80 Figure 7.11: 2011 Shovel Test Survey Results ................................................................... 82 vii LIST OF FIGURES continued Figure 7.12: Magnetic Anomalies (G.B. 115/118) with potential features from STPs ......... 84 Figure 7.13: 14C date from Feature 3 / X-7-D on the 3rd Terrace ........................................ 93 Figure 8.1: Amorphous anomalies from western terrace edge ........................................... 96 Figure 8.2: Metallic magnetic disturbance around utility garage and outbuildings .............. 97 Figure 8.3: Anomalies west of garage georectified with DNR Engineering Survey ............ 99 Figure 8.4: Variety of closed handle morphologies from the 3rd Terrace ............................ 105 Figure 8.5: Feature 3 / X-7-D from the 3rd Terrace ............................................................. 107 Figure 8.6: New Angel Mounds Chronology ....................................................................... 109 viii Chapter One - Introduction “Much of the difficulty in acquiring regional-scale data may be attributed to the retention of two related elements in the traditional fieldwork legacy: (1) the notion of site and (2) the excavation technique of data acquisition…… Consequently, there is a tendency to think of the sampling universe as a set of sites rather than a bounded unit of space.” (Dunnell and Dancy 1983:268) Unfortunately,