Zootaxa 4413 (2): 295–324 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2018 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4413.2.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8F4A8473-CCE5-41AA-99A6-381CFB434586 New species and new distributional records of Neotropical Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera) ADRIAN ARDILA-CAMACHO1,4, ARLEY CALLE-TOBÓN2, MARTA WOLFF2 & LIONEL A. STANGE3 1Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city—Mexico. Escuela de posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá—Colombia. 2Grupo de Entomología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín—Colombia. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 3Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida, 32614-7100, U.S.A. 4Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Neotropical fauna of Mantispidae is currently composed of 106 species. We provide new distributional records of Mantispidae from Colombia and Panama. Three new species are described, one in Symphrasinae from Colombia, and two in Mantispinae from Colombia and Panama. Haematomantispa nubeculosa (Navás, 1933) and Leptomantispa axillaris (Navás, 1908) are reported from Colombia for the first time, the former being the first record of the genus in the country. New locality records for other species previously known from Colombia are also given. For Panama, we report Anchieta fasciatella (Westwood, 1867) and Trichoscelia iridella (Westwood, 1867) for the first time, the former is herein newly transferred from Plega to Anchieta. Three names Mantispa confluens Navás, 1914, n. syn., Buyda apicata Navás, 1926, n. syn., and Mantispa neotropica Navás, 1933, n. syn., are here synonymized with Buyda phthisica (Gerstaecker, 1885). Updated keys for the genera of Mantispinae, and species of genera Trichoscelia, Buyda, and Climaciella from Colombia are included. With this new information, the known species richness of Mantispidae from Colombia increases from 21 to 26, and from 16 to 19 species in Panama. Key words: Mantispids, Neotropics, taxonomy, new records, new species Introduction The family Mantispidae (Neuroptera), commonly known as mantidflies, is a charismatic group of lacewings recognized by their morphological similarity to insects of the order Mantodea and members from other insect orders equipped with raptorial anterior legs (Frantsevich 1998; Kral 2013). Such resemblance is evidently product of evolutionary convergence (Aspöck & Aspöck 2007; Ohl 2011). As diagnostic traits, adults of this family present raptorial forelegs, with elongate coxa and robust femur equipped with small spines or tubercles, in addition to macrosetae and generally a prominent sub-basal spine. Also, the group presents an elongated and tubular prothorax behind the insertion of the forelegs and a ventrally fused pronotum forming a tubular structure (Aspöck & Mansell 1994; Ohl 2004; Liu et al. 2015). Mantispidae is composed of four subfamilies (Symphrasinae, Drepanicinae, Calomantispinae, and Mantispinae) which were found as monophyletic by Liu et al. (2015), but in a recent phylogenomic study the family was recovered as paraphyletic with two sister clades i.e. Rhachiberothidae + Symphrasinae and Berothidae + remaining Mantispidae (Winterton et al. 2017). Among the members of Neuroptera, Mantispidae is distinguished by the complexity of its development, since their immature stages suffer substantial morphological, physiological and behavioral changes through the different larval instars (New 1989; Hoffman & Brushwein 1992; Aspöck & Aspöck 2007). Although the mantidflies have been referred to as hypermetamorphic (Aspöck et al. 2001; Aspöck & Aspöck 2007), some authors indicate that the group does not have a true hypermetamorphosis as it is present in the meloid beetles (Redborg 1998; Monserrat 2014). Accepted by A. Letardi: 13 Mar. 2018; published: 23 Apr. 2018 295 The larvae of Mantispidae also show specialized feeding habits since they predate or parasitize immature or adults of certain groups of arthropods, however within the different Mantispidae subfamilies there are species that can be generalists or specialists with regard of their host or prey association (Redborg 1998). Members of the subfamily Mantispinae are obligate predators on spider eggs, but interestingly some representatives can be ectoparasites of spider hemolymph temporarily while eggs are unavailable (Redborg 1998; Ohl 2011). On the other hand, the biology of the remainder subfamilies is largely unknown (Redborg 1998; Maia-Silva et al. 2013). Symphrasinae members are predators on larvae and pupae of holometabolous insects, including beetles, moths, flies, bees, and wasps (Hook et al. 2010). Among Calomantispinae members, immatures of Nolima pinal Rehn have been successfully reared in laboratory fed with various arthropods (MacLeod & Redborg 1982; Redborg 1998) whereas larvae of the Drepanicinae genus Theristria have been found associated with a web-building spider (Austin 1985) and the larvae of Ditaxis biseriata (Westwood) are likely edaphic (Dorey & Merrit 2017). The world fauna of Mantispidae is represented by just over 400 species distributed in all Biogeographic realms (Ohl 2004). The subfamily Symphrasinae is endemic to the New World, Drepanicinae has representatives in Asia, Australia, and the Neotropics, Calomantispinae is present in Central- and North America, as well as Australia, whereas Mantispinae is worldwide distributed (Ohl 2004; Liu et al. 2015). The taxonomy of the group is not completely understood, and there are vast areas around the world (e.g., South East Asia, New Guinea, Africa, and part of the Neotropical region), where the group is largely unknown (Ohl 2005; Snyman et al. 2012). Regarding the fauna of the New World, Hoffman (1992) presented a comprehensive revisionary work on Mantispidae in his doctoral dissertation. However, this important source has been only partially published (Hoffman 2002; Hoffman et al. 2017), thereby, many nomenclatural actions are not recognized as available (Ohl 2005). Meanwhile, some revisionary works were restricted to the study of the fauna from the Amazon basin (Penny 1982; Penny & Da Costa 1983). After the work of Hoffman (2002), a catalog of the family Mantispidae was published (Ohl 2004), and several important studies were carried out on the fauna from Mexico (Reynoso-Velasco & Contreras-Ramos 2008), Brazil (Machado & Rafael 2010), and Colombia (Ardila-Camacho & García 2015); describing new species, extending the known distribution for many others, and providing relevant illustrations and keys for species identification. Despite of these contributions, there are many gaps on the knowledge of Neotropical Mantispidae. For example, Symphrasinae and Drepanicinae need revisionary work, and regional taxonomic studies of the whole family are quite necessary (Ohl 2004, 2005). Until now, the Neotropical species richness of the family raises to 106 representatives. However, the taxonomic status of 19 species in the genus Mantispa Illiger, which does not occur in the New World (Hoffman 2002), need to be clarified (Ohl 2004; Machado & Rafael 2010; Ardila-Camacho & García 2015). In Colombia, 21 species of mantidflies have been reported, however, most of the extension of the country is still unexplored (Ardila-Camacho & García 2015). Moreover, the Panamanian fauna of Mantispidae is scarcely documented, and only 16 species have been reported so far (Hoffman 2002; Ohl 2004; Reynoso-Velasco & Contreras-Ramos 2008; Ardila-Camacho & García 2015; Hoffman et al. 2017). The main purpose of the present study is to describe three new species, one in the genus Trichoscelia Westwood and one in the genus Climaciella Enderlein from Colombia, plus one from the genus Buyda Navás from Colombia and Panama. Additionally, we present new distributional records and keys for selected genera of Neotropical Mantispidae. Materials and methods The specimens studied are housed in the Colección Entomológica de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín (CEUA), Museo Entomológico “Francisco Luis Gallego”, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín (MEFLG), Colección Entomológica de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá (UNAB), Colección Taxonómica Nacional de Insectos “Luis María Murillo”, Corpoica, Mosquera, Cundinamarca (CTNI), Colección de Artrópodos de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá (CAUD), Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá (ANDES-E), Florida State Collection of Artrhopods, Gainesville, Florida, USA (FSCA), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA (USNM), and University of Arkansas Arthropod Museum, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA (UAAM). Specimens genitalia were examined by dissecting the entire abdomen in the males and the last four abdominal segments in the females. These structures were cleared in a solution of 10% Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), and subsequently washed in distilled water, 10% 296 · Zootaxa 4413 (2) © 2018 Magnolia Press ARDILA-CAMACHO ET AL. acetic acid and 70% ethyl alcohol. Finally, genitalia were stored in vials with glycerin. Examination of the external morphology was carried out using a Zeiss Stemi 2000 stereomicroscope. Photographs were taken with the same equipment, adapted with an AxioCam ERc 5s digital camera. Morphological terminology generally