“How Shall We Sing the Lord’s Song in a Strange Land?” Architectural Communication in the Victorian Church at St. John’s College, Auckland, 1840-1855 by Emily Elizabeth Turner A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Trinity College and the Historical Department of the Toronto School of Theology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Theology awarded by the University of St. Michael’s College ©Copyright Emily Elizabeth Turner 2014 “How Shall We Sing the Lord’s Song in a Strange Land?” Architectural Communication in the Victorian Church at St. John’s College, Auckland, 1840-1855 Emily Turner Master of Arts University of St. Michael’s College 2014 Abstract For nineteenth-century Anglicans, architecture held a special place in the life of the church, expressing ideas of faith morality and culture; nowhere was this more important than in the British colonies. This thesis examines the role of architecture as a tool for communication in the growing Victorian church through a case study of St John’s College, Auckland, established by George Augustus Selwyn, the Bishop of New Zealand and Melanesia, in 1842. This study identifies the strategies employed to make the College complex speak to its students, the Church and the outside world and shows the ways in which this architecture contributed to the theological and ecclesiological message of the Church. The building program at St. John’s College not only established a material presence of the Church of England in the South Pacific, but became of central importance to the realization of Selwyn’s goals for his mission. ii Acknowledgements I would like to sincerely thank Dr. Alan Hayes for his assistance, feedback and encouragement throughout this project. Thanks must also be given to Dr. William Kervin and Dr. David Neelands for their comments. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance of most helpful staff the Alexander Turnbull Library at the National Library of New Zealand, Wellington, and The Kinder Library at St. John’s College, Auckland. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………iii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………v Introduction………………………………………………………………………………. 1 1: “A Rural England of Yore”: Selwyn the Gothic Revival and the Church of England in New Zealand………………………………………………………………………..................... 7 2: St. John’s College and Its Architecture from Te Waimate to Auckland……………… 23 3: Sourcing St. John’s College: Symbolism, Inspiration and Implications……………… 52 4: The College Outside of Bishop’s Auckland: The “Key and Pivot” of Pacific Christianity …………………………………………………………………………………… 76 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….. 96 Figures……………………………………………………………………..……………. 101 Bibliography……………………………………………………………….……………. 129 iv List of Figures All Figures are appended after the main body text, commencing on page 102. Figure 1: Than Church, near Caen Normandy. From A.C. Pugin, Architectural Specimens of Normandy (1828). Figure 2: Caroline Abraham. Temporary Encampment at Purewa. Pencil sketch, n.d. Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, I-W1851. Figure 3: Te Waimate Mission House. 1832. Photographed by the author. Figure 4: Church of St. John the Baptist, Te Waimate. c.1830. From Illustrated London News, 6 January 1847. Figure 5: G.A. Selwyn. Encampment at Purewa, [ca. 1845]. Watercolour. 148 x 222 mm. Alexander Turnbull Library in the National Library of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, A-439-007. Figure 6: William Bambridge. St. John’s College, c.1845. Pencil drawing after G.A. Selwyn. Cotton Journal, vol. 9. Alexander Turnbull Library in the National Library of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand. Facsimile of a copy held at the Dixson Library, New South Wales. Figure 7: Caroline Abraham. Panorama of St. John’s College Auckland, c. 1862. Part 1: panels 1 and 2. Tinted lithograph of original watercolour. 170 x 493mm. Alexander Turnbull Library in the National Library of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, A-220-008-a-1. Figure 8: Caroline Abraham. Panorama of St. John’s College Auckland, c. 1862. Part 2: panels 3 and 4. Tinted lithograph of original watercolour. 170 x 493mm. Alexander Turnbull Library in the National Library of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, A-220-008-a-2. Figure 9: Caroline Abraham. Panorama of St. John’s College Auckland, c. 1862. Part 3: panels 5 and 6. Tinted lithograph of original watercolour. 170 x 493mm. Alexander Turnbull Library in the National Library of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, A-220-008-a-3. Figure 10: Caroline Abraham. Panorama of St. John’s College Auckland, c. 1862. Part 4: panels 7 and 8. Tinted lithograph of original watercolour. 170 x 493mm. v Alexander Turnbull Library in the National Library of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, A-220-008-a-4. Figure 11: Long Classroom, Mission Bay/Kohimarama, 1866. Photograph. Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, 4-3209. Figure 12: Sampson Kempthorne. St. Stephen’s Church, Judges’ Bay, 1844. Drawing from Cotton Journal, vol. 8. State Library of New South Wales, a6446269. Figure 13: Sampson Kempthorne. St. Thomas’ Church, Tamaki, 1844-45. Drawing from Cotton Journal, vol. 8. State Library of New South Wales, a6446254. Figure 14: Sampson Kempthorne. Bishop’s House, 1845. Photograph by William Beattie, n.d. Auckland War Memorial Museum, DU436.1234 S14 14973. Figure 15: Sampson Kempthorne. Kitchen, 1845-46. Photograph. c. 1926. Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, 4-3232. Figure 16: [Frederick Thatcher and Sampson Kempthorne]. Kitchen, interior, 1845-46. Photography by author. Figure 17: Frederick Thatcher. Holy Trinity, Te Henui, c.1845. Photograph c.1860s. Collection of Puke Ariki, New Plymouth, New Zealand, A81-207. Figure 18: St. Andrew’s Church, Greensted-juxta-Ongar, Essex, 11th century. The Builder, VII, 1849. Figure 19: Frederick Thatcher, CMS Chapel, Marataei/Waikato Heads, 1845-46. Sketch by Richard Taylor. Alexander Turnbull Library in the National Library of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, E-269-q-077-3. Figure 20: G.A. Selwyn. Sketch of unidentified buildings [1843?]. Cotton Journal, vol. 10. State Library of New South Wales, a6448200. Figure 21: Caretaker’s Cottage. Photograph c.1919.. Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, 4-3264. Figure 22: Frederick Thatcher. Paris House, 1846. Detail of Caroline Abraham Panorama, part 4. Figure 23: Frederick Thatcher. Hunter House, 1846. Detail of Caroline Abraham Panorama, part 4. vi Figure 24: Frederick Thatcher. Holland House, 1846. Detail of Caroline Abraham Panorama, part 3. Figure 25: Frederick Thatcher. North Elevation for the “Workmen’s Cottage” c. 1846. Kinder Library, St. John’s College, SJT1/19.2/3. Figure 26: Frederick Thatcher. West Elevation for the “Workmen’s Cottage” c. 1846. Kinder Library, St. John’s College, SJT1/19.2/3. Figure 27: Frederick Thatcher, [Boys’ Dormitory, c. 1846?]. Cotton Journal, vol. 9. State Library of New South Wales, a6447108. Figure 28: Frederick Thatcher.[ Hospital], 1846. Photograph, n.d. Auckland War Memorial Museum, DU436.1234 14975. Figure 29: Frederick Thatcher. Hospital Elevations c.1846. Kinder Library, St. John’s College, SJT1/19.2/1. Figure 30: William Cotton. Sketch of St. John’s College Hospital Plans [1846?]. Cotton Journal, vol. 11. State Library of New South Wales, a6449007. Figure 31: Frederick Thatcher. Native School Complex Block Plan, 1846. Kinder Library, St. John’s College, St. John’s College Plans I. Figure 32: Frederick Thatcher. Master’s House, Front and North Elevations, 1846. Kinder Library, St. John’s College, St. John’s College Plans IV. Figure 33: Frederick Thatcher. Master’s House, East Elevation, 1846. Kinder Library, St. John’s College, St. John’s College Plans III. Figure 34: Frederick Thatcher. Master’s House, Upper and Lower Story Ground Plans, 1846. Kinder Library, St. John’s College, St. John’s College Plans, [no number]. Figure 35: Frederick Thatcher. College Chapel, 1847. Front. Photographed by the author. Figure 36: John Kinder. St. John’s College Chapel. Monochrome wash. 1870s. 255 x 360 mm. Alexander Turnbull Library in the National Library of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, B-038-003. Figure 37: Frederick Thatcher. College Chapel, interior towards the altar, 1847. Photographed by William Beattie, n.d. Auckland War Memorial Museum, DU436.1234 S14 14972. vii Figure 38: Frederick Thatcher. College Chapel, interior towards the pulpit, 1847. Photographed by the author. Figure 39: Frederick Thatcher. Hall, exterior, 1849. Photographed by author. Figure 40: Frederick Thatcher, Hall, interior, 1849. Photograph, c.1919. Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, 4-3251. Figure 41: Long Classroom, Kohimarama. Ink drawing, 1898. Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, 4-2895. Figure 42: Frederick Thatcher. Printing Office, c.1849. Photograph c.1900 (?). Sir George Grey Special Collections, Auckland Libraries, 1058-9850. Figure 43: Frederick Thatcher. Carpentry Shop, c.1849. Photograph, n.d. Auckland War Memorial Museum Library, DU436.1234 S14 14794. Figure 44: P.F. Robinson. “Design No. 7: The Workhouse.” Village Architecture (1837). Figure 45: P.F. Robinson. “Design No. 1: The Swiss Chalet.” Designs for Ornamental Villas (1827). Figure 46: George Truefitt. “Design No. 1.” Designs for Country Churches (1850). Figure 47: Cambridge Camden Society. St. Oswald’s, Lower Peover. Illustrations of Monumental Brasses (1846). Figure 48: Frederick Thatcher. St Barnabas’ Parnell,