Edinburgh Street Design Guidance : Part C - Detailed Design Manual Version: V1.1 2018 Factsheet G4 – Crossings Crossings 1 Amendments: 12/1/18 – Note clarifying that sheet refers principally to stand- Choosing a Crossing type 3 alone crossings – this page and page 13 02/05/18 – Note referencing factsheet G7 on page 5 and minor Designing Convenient and Direct Crossings 4 edits on the drawings on page 6 Uncontrolled Drop Kerb Crossing 5 Flush/drop Kerb Detail 6 Refuge Island Crossing 7 At or Near Junctions on Main Roads 8 Zebra/Tiger Crossing 9 Pros and Cons 10 On Exit of Roundabouts 11 Signalised Crossings 12 Signalised Crossings at Wider Roads 13 Distance to Crossing Studs 14 Zig Zags 16 Bridges and Underpasses 17 Note: This factsheet refers principally to stand-alone crossings rather than crossing points at signalled junctions Edinburgh Street Design Guidance : Part C - Detailed Design Manual Version: V1.1 2018 G4 – Crossings Factsheet Crossings Road crossings play a key Crossing options Typical combined crossing, Edinburgh role in improving Special considerations Uncontrolled conditions for pedestrians 1. In Edinburgh special and cyclists. • Dropped Kerb consideration is to be given • Build Outs to Crossings at or near Opportunities for pedestrians and • Raised Tables / Junction Junctions to maximise cyclists to cross should be • Continuous Footway convenience for pedestrians provided frequently enough to and where necessary cycle • Refuge Island ensure that movement is not users. For further details significantly constrained by motor Controlled please see factsheets on traffic. • Zebras / Tigers crossings at or near junctions. Crossings providing higher • Toucan pedestrian priority over motor • Puffin traffic (e.g. zebras) should be The City of Edinburgh Council 2. Continuous Footways put considered in streets with high pedestrian priority into pedestrian volumes (e.g. retail Footbridges and Refuge Island Crossing, Edinburgh practice by creating a streets). underpasses continuous pedestrian Crossing design should seek to Only be considered under environment rather than one maximise convenience for users, exceptional circumstances. that is interrupted at every particularly by allowing them to side road. They should follow desire lines. always be considered as part of new or renewals projects, Providing crossings at or near particularly in retail/high junctions is critical to delivering streets and other important the ‘QuietRoutes’ cycle network. pedestrian routes. The City of Edinburgh Council Relevant Factsheets: QuietRoutes (C1) Footbridges and Underpasses (G4) Continuous Footways (G7) 1 Pedestrian Desire Lines (P2) Crossings at or near Junctions (G5) Corner Radii (G6) Edinburgh Street Design Guidance : Part C - Detailed Design Manual Version: V1.1 2018 G4 – Crossings Factsheet Key design principles Desire lines How many crossings? For aspects of crossing design that are not covered within this Locations for crossings should Design will vary depending on Pedestrian and cyclist safety and Guidance*, please refer to the UK always align with desire lines. context, however: convenience should be the first Guidance by Department for consideration in street design. • Provide direct crossings and This means most crossings will be Transport: But impacts of crossings on other avoid staged crossing at or near junctions to forms of transport, especially arrangements if possible. maximise convenience for pedestrian and cycle users. public transport, should be • Local Transport Note (LTN • Ensure that the pedestrian/cycle considered as well. Therefore 1/95): The Assessment of environment is uninterrupted Consider if there are Pedestrian Crossings, 1995 opportunities to combine before introducing a new and easy to use. crossing, consider the following: pedestrian and cycle crossings • Local Transport Note (LTN where appropriate. • Consider reduced corner radii • Does an existing crossing 2/95): The Design of Pedestrian and raised tables to improve already sufficiently provide for Crossings, 1995 pedestrian and cycle priority. the relevant movement or • Provide protection / speed desire line? • Traffic Advisory Leaflet 5/05: reduction / controls appropriate Audible and Tactile Signals at to function of crossing and • Would providing a new crossing Signal-Controlled Junctions, traffic flow. cater for movements currently 2005 served by the existing crossing – can that crossing be removed? • The Zebra, Pelican and Puffin Pedestrian Crossings • What type of crossing is Regulations and General necessary? – signalled; zebra; Directions 1997 island; informal? “Tracing studies mark pedestrian * If there is a conflict movement lines onto a map of between this Guidance and the area. As these build up the UK Guidance documents, pedestrian desire lines and highly the Edinburgh Street Design trafficked routes become more Guidance should be used. obvious, giving a graphical representation of the volume and direction of pedestrian movement.” (Here & Now Public Life Street Assessments) Relevant Factsheets Signalised Crossings (G4) Crossings at or near Junctions (G5) Pedestrian Desire Lines (P2) Zebra/Tiger Crossings (G4) Traffic Management & Speed Reduction (G6) Tactile Paving (M4) 2 Corner Radii (G6) Edinburgh Street Design Guidance : Part C - Detailed Design Manual Version: V1.0 2017 G4 – Crossings Factsheet Choosing a Crossing Type Several factors need to be considered when determining what type of crossing to install. 1. Factors for all crossings: Uncontrolled dropped kerb Zebra crossing 2. Factors for cycle crossings: crossing Bruntsfield Waverly Bridge a) Volume of road traffic: a) Is the crossing on the As volume of traffic increases, it proposed ‘QuietRoutes’ is more likely that a formal network? crossing is the right solution. Yes: Provide a formal crossing (tiger b) Speed of road traffic: or toucan) if 2-way daily traffic As speed of traffic increases, it is flows are greater than 3000. more likely that a formal crossing is the right solution. Generally provide a toucan crossing if traffic flows are c) Volume of pedestrians and greater than 8000. cyclists crossing: The greater the number of people crossing, A refuge island can be used as an The City of Edinburgh Council The City of Edinburgh Council the more likely it is that a formal alternative for flows between crossing is needed. 3000 and 6000 where there is Toucan crossing Puffin crossing space for an island 3m wide or Bruntsfield Place Nicholson Street d) How wide is the road being more. crossed? The wider the road, the more No: likely it is that a formal crossing As above, but potential cyclist is needed. Consider local and pedestrian use should also reduction in width and/or be a factor in this case. providing a central refuge. Contact the Council's Active Travel and Road Safety team for ‘Road Safety Scoring System’ to assist with determining the type of crossing. The City of Edinburgh Council Google Maps 2016 Relevant Factsheets: Uncontrolled Dropped Kerb Crossings (G4) Refuge Island Crossings (G4) Design Speed (G1) Signalised Crossings (G4) Zebra/Tiger Crossings (G4) QuietRoutes (C1) 3 Crossings at or near Junctions (G5) Edinburgh Street Design Guidance : Part C - Detailed Design Manual Version: V1.0 2017 G4 – Crossings – Designing Crossings Factsheet Designing Typical crossing Phase 1: Remove guardrail and simplify crossing Convenient & Direct Crossings Crossings should be convenient and easy to use and as such they should: • Be as direct as possible • Be single stage wherever possible (and take into account delays to pedestrians and cyclists versus Phase 2: Align crossing with desire lines vehicles). • Minimise width to be crossed by providing build-outs etc. • Minimise the amount of Guardrail and street clutter. The same crossing redesigned for convenience Minimum crossing width is 2.4m however wider crossings are preferred for pedestrian comfort. If redesigning the crossing with a central refuge, see page 12. Phase 3: Increase crossing width for ease of use Tactile paving has been omitted from the illustrations for clarity, however a all crossings must use compliant tactile paving. Avoid use of guardrails – follow ‘The City of Edinburgh Council Guardrail Assessment’ if considering its use. Note: See page 12 for values of a. Source: CIHT - Street Design For All Relevant Factsheets: Signalised Crossings (G4) Tactile Paving (M4) Pedestrian Desire Lines (P2) Pedestrian Guardrail (P5) Flush / Dropped Kerb Detail (G4) Minimising Street Clutter (P7) 4 Edinburgh Street Design Guidance : Part C - Detailed Design Manual Version: V1.1 2018 G4 – Crossings – Drop Kerb Crossings Factsheet Uncontrolled Drop Kerb Crossings These basic crossings aid Width of dropped kerbs Other options people crossing the road by • Be equal on both sides and be Build-outs, refuge islands and raised carriageways (including dropping the kerb or directly in line with each other continuous footways) can all be used to further assist pedestrians. raising the carriageway to • 1.8m min width (desirable width help make crossing the 2.7m) with 1:12 max gradient Build Out Refuge Island road easier for everyone. • There should be a level area (900mm minimum width) along the rear of the dropped crossing Typical locations to allow easy passage for • At road junctions to help wheelchair and mobility scooter pedestrians cross the side street users who are not crossing the to continue their journey. road (Dropped Kerb Detail 1). • At strategic points on a busy Where footway width does not street where there is no need allow