The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution [12:12 31/5/2008 5153-bercovitch-frontmatter.tex] Paper: a4 Job No: 5153 Bercovitch: Conflict Resolution (Handbook) Page: i i–xxi [12:12 31/5/2008 5153-bercovitch-frontmatter.tex] Paper: a4 Job No: 5153 Bercovitch: Conflict Resolution (Handbook) Page: ii i–xxi The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution Edited by Jacob Bercovitch, Victor Kremenyuk and I William Zartman Los Angeles • London • New Delhi • Singapore [12:12 31/5/2008 5153-bercovitch-frontmatter.tex] Paper: a4 Job No: 5153 Bercovitch: Conflict Resolution (Handbook) Page: iii i–xxi Chapters © Sage Publications Introduction, Conclusion and Editorial Arrangement © Jacob Bercovitch, Victor Kremenyuk and I William Zartman 2008 All Chapters © Sage Publications 2008 First published 2008 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044 SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008921082 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-4129-2192-3 Typeset by CEPHA Imaging Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India Printed in Great Britain by Printed on paper from sustainable resources [12:12 31/5/2008 5153-bercovitch-frontmatter.tex] Paper: a4 Job No: 5153 Bercovitch: Conflict Resolution (Handbook) Page: iv i–xxi Dedication This book is dedicated to all the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates, in the hopes of furthering greater Conflict Resolution. 2007 – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Al Gore 2006 – Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank 2005 – International Atomic Energy Agency, Mohamed El Baradei 2004 – Wangari Maathai 2003 – Shirin Ebadi 2002 – Jimmy Carter 2001 – United Nations, Kofi Annan 2000 – Kim Dae-jung 1999 – Médecins Sans Frontières 1998 – John Hume, David Trimble 1997 – International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Jody Williams 1996 – Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-Horta 1995 – Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs 1994 – Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin 1993 – Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk 1992 – Rigoberta Menchú Tum 1991 – Aung San Suu Kyi 1990 – Mikhail Gorbachev 1989 – The 14th Dalai Lama 1988 – United Nations Peacekeeping Forces 1987 – Óscar Arias Sánchez 1986 – Elie Wiesel 1985 – International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1984 – Desmond Tutu 1983 – Lech Walesa 1982 – Alva Myrdal, Alfonso Garcà a Robles 1981 – Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1980 – Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1979 – Mother Teresa 1978 – Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin 1977 – Amnesty International 1976 – Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan 1975 – Andrei Sakharov 1974 – Sean MacBride, Eisaku Sato 1973 – Henry Kissinger, Le Duc Tho 1972 – The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund 1971 – Willy Brandt 1970 – Norman Borlaug 1969 – International Labour Organization 1968 – René Cassin 1967** 1966* 1965 – United Nations Children’s Fund [12:12 31/5/2008 5153-bercovitch-frontmatter.tex] Paper: a4 Job No: 5153 Bercovitch: Conflict Resolution (Handbook) Page: v i–xxi vi DEDICATION 1964 – Martin Luther King Jr. 1963 – International Committee of the Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies 1962 – Linus Pauling 1961 – Dag Hammarskjald 1960 – Albert Lutuli 1959 – Philip Noel-Baker 1958 – Georges Pire 1957 – Lester Bowles Pearson 1956** 1955* 1954 – Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1953 – George C. Marshall 1952 – Albert Schweitzer 1951 – Léon Jouhaux 1950 – Ralph Bunche 1949 – Lord Boyd Orr 1948** 1947 – Friends Service Council, American Friends Service Committee 1946 – Emily Greene Balch, John R. Mott 1945 – Cordell Hull 1944 – International Committee of the Red Cross 1939–1943** 1938 – Nansen International Office for Refugees 1937 – Robert Cecil 1936 – Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1935 – Carl von Ossietzky 1934 – Arthur Henderson 1933 – Sir Norman Angell 1932* 1931 – Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler 1930 – Nathan Saderblom 1929 – Frank B. Kellogg 1928* 1927 – Ferdinand Buisson, Ludwig Quidde 1926 – Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann 1925 – Sir Austen Chamberlain, Charles G. Dawes 1923–1924* 1922 – Fridtjof Nansen 1921 – Hjalmar Branting, Christian Lange 1920 – Léon Bourgeois 1919 – Woodrow Wilson 1918* 1917 – International Committee of the Red Cross 1914–1916* 1913 – Henri La Fontaine 1912 – Elihu Root 1911 – Tobias Asser, Alfred Fried 1910 – Permanent International Peace Bureau 1909 – Auguste Beernaert, Paul Henri d’Estournelles de Constant 1908 – Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer 1907 – Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Louis Renault 1906 – Theodore Roosevelt 1905 – Bertha von Suttner 1904 – Institute of International Law 1903 – Randal Cremer 1902 – Élie Ducommun, Albert Gobat 1901 – Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy * The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund ** The prize money was allocated 1/3 to the Main Fund and 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. [12:12 31/5/2008 5153-bercovitch-frontmatter.tex] Paper: a4 Job No: 5153 Bercovitch: Conflict Resolution (Handbook) Page: vi i–xxi Contents Author Biographies x Acknowledgements xix INTRODUCTION : The Nature of Conflict and Conflict Resolution 1 Jacob Bercovitch, Victor Kremenyuk, and I. William Zartman PART I: HISTORY AND METHODS OF STUDY 13 1. The Evolution of Conflict Resolution 15 Louis Kriesberg 2. Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution 33 Christer Jönsson and Karin Aggestam 3. Conflict Resolution in the International System: A Quantitative Approach 52 J. David Singer and Shahryar Minhas 4. Case Studies and Conflict Resolution 72 Jack S. Levy 5. Game Theory as an Approach to Conflict Resolution 86 Rudolf Avenhaus 6. Experimental Research on Social Conflict 102 Dean G. Pruitt 7. Doing Conflict Research Through a Multi-Method Lens 119 Daniel Druckman 8. Problem-Solving Approaches 143 Tamra Pearson d’Estrée 9. Constructivism and Conflict Resolution 172 Richard Jackson PART II: ISSUES AND SOURCES OF CONFLICT 191 10. Territory as a Source of Conflict and a Road to Peace 193 John A. Vasquez and Brandon Valeriano [12:12 31/5/2008 5153-bercovitch-frontmatter.tex] Paper: a4 Job No: 5153 Bercovitch: Conflict Resolution (Handbook) Page: vii i–xxi viii CONTENTS 11. Economic and Resource Causes of Conflicts 210 Philippe Le Billon 12. Resolving Ecological Conflicts: Typical and Special Circumstances 225 Gunnar Sjöstedt 13. Ethnicity, Negotiation, and Conflict Management 246 Donald Rothchild 14. Ethno-Religious Conflicts: Exploring the Role of Religion in Conflict Resolution 264 S. Ayse Kadayifci-Orellana PART III: METHODS OF MANAGING CONFLICT 287 15. Conflict Prevention: Theory in Pursuit of Policy and Practice 289 Michael S. Lund 16. Conflict Resolution and Negotiation 324 I. William Zartman 17. Mediation and Conflict Resolution 342 Jacob Bercovitch 18. The Settlement of International Disputes by Legal Means – Arbitration and Judicial Settlement 360 Franz Cede 19. Dialogue as a Process for Transforming Relationships 378 Harold H. Saunders 20. NGOs and Conflict Resolution 394 Andrea Bartoli 21. United Nations Mediation Experience: Practical Lessons for Conflict Resolution 415 Connie Peck PART IV: CURRENT FEATURES AND DILEMMAS IN THE STUDY OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION 437 22. Terrorism and Conflict Resolution 439 William A. Donohue 23. Media and Conflict Resolution 457 Eytan Gilboa 24. Democracy and Conflict Resolution 477 David Kinsella and David L. Rousseau 25. Why Mediation Matters: Ending Intractable Conflicts 494 Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall [12:12 31/5/2008 5153-bercovitch-frontmatter.tex] Paper: a4 Job No: 5153 Bercovitch: Conflict Resolution (Handbook) Page: viii i–xxi CONTENTS ix 26. Culture and Conflict Resolution 508 Guy Olivier Faure 27. Peacekeeping and Beyond 527 Paul F. Diehl 28. Reconciliation as a peace-building process: scope and limits 545 Valérie Rosoux 29. Assessing Outcomes: Conflict Management and the Durability of Peace 566 Scott Sigmund Gartner and Molly M. Melin 30. Peace vs. Justice – and Beyond 582 Cecilia Albin 31. The Spread of Civil War 597 Kristian Skrede Gleditsch 32. Conflict Resolution and Human Rights: The State of the Art 615 Eileen F. Babbitt 33. Resolution of Military Conflicts and Confrontations (Force and Arms Control) 632 Victor Kremenyuk 34. Training and Education 647 Paul Meerts Conclusion: Emerging Problems in Theory and Practice 671 Jacob Bercovitch, Victor Kremenyuk, and I. William Zartman [12:12 31/5/2008 5153-bercovitch-frontmatter.tex] Paper: a4 Job No: 5153 Bercovitch: Conflict Resolution (Handbook) Page: ix i–xxi Author Biographies EDITORS Jacob Bercovitch is Professor of International Relations, and Fellow of the Royal Society, at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand. He received his PhD from the London School of Economics. His main research interests are in the areas of international conflict resolution