Answers Research Journal 3 (2010):61–69. www.answersingenesis.org/contents/379/arj/v3/Inherit_the_Wind.pdf Inherit the Wind: A Lesson in Distorting History Jerry Bergman, Northwest State College, 22-600 State Rt 34, Archbold, Ohio 43502 Abstract The history, contents, and specific sections of the popular play titled Inherit the Wind, which purports to be a replay of the Scopes Trial, are reviewed. Although the play was widely believed to be an accurate synopsis of the historical trial, often called the Trial of the Century, it grossly distorted the actual events of history. A number of documented examples are provided to illustrate this now well- supported conclusion of skewed history. Keywords: Scopes Trial, Creation evolution controversy, teaching creation, education, separation of church and state, anti-Christian propaganda Introduction Much of the inflammatory rhetoric in the play came The Scopes Trial, often called the Trial of the from H. L. Mencken, the “most famous newspaperman Century, is the most famous confrontation between in American History” whose caustic comments creationists and evolutionists. The trial involved a found their way into hundreds of publications, many challenge by the ACLU to a law passed in Tennessee which are still in print today (Mencken 2007). The that forbid teachers to teach as fact the idea that play/movie is primarily about the creation versus humans evolved from lower primates (Johnson 2001). evolution controversy. The trial challenged the Butler Act which specifically From about the mid-1960s to today, both are used stated that specifically to marginalize a creationist worldview. it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any of the Putatively written to respond to the “threat to Universities, Normals and all other public schools intellectual freedom” that some people believed existed of the State which are supported in whole or in part during the so-called McCarthy era, the focus of the by the public school funds of the State, to teach any play is on mocking creationists (Moore 1998, p. 487). theory that denies the Story of the Divine Creation of The distorted portrayal of the attorney defending the man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that Butler act, Bryan, and the portrayal of Christians man has descended from a lower order of animals are secondary, but are still important to the implied (Butler 1925). message that the creation worldview is erroneous, and William Jennings Bryan defended the act, which had the evolution worldview valid. Most commentaries on passed in the Tennessee House of representatives by the play/movie make much of this distortion, but few a 71 to 5 vote (Larson 1997, p. 50). Agnostic attorney have thoroughly examined its important propaganda Clarence Darrow defended John Thomas Scopes who use in the creation versus evolution debate. volunteered to test the constitutionality of the act. The Scopes Trial is one of three important The Butler Act was named after John W. Butler, perceived clashes between science and religion, the a Democrat who believed that public schools should Galileo affair and the Wilberforce versus Huxley promote citizenship and morality based on Judeo- debate being the other two. All three have been Christian values. Because Butler believed that exploited by opponents of Christianity, and all three Darwinism hurt this goal, the act was designed to events, as commonly presented, are distorted and forbid only the teaching of human evolution. The twisted retellings of the actual events (Bergman Butler Act was just one of many laws attempting to 2010). The Scopes Trial is perhaps the most enduring limit or forbid the teaching of evolution. Bryan, on the of the three because it occurred more recently than other hand, saw the law more as a means of dealing the Galileo and Wilberforce events, and much more with the problem of anti-religious indoctrination has been written about it. (Trial Transcript, p. 323). This is the same concern The large number of showings of the movie and with the modern creation-evolution controversy. productions of the plays, both in the United States Critics and supporters both agree that the Lawrence and internationally, is one good reason for an objective and Lee play Inherit the Wind is the “single most review of the play/movie. The play/movie is especially influential retelling” of the Scopes Trial (Alters 1995). relevant today in view of the worldwide 2009 Charles ISSN: 1937-9056 Copyright © 2010 Answers in Genesis. All rights reserved. Consent is given to unlimited copying, downloading, quoting from, and distribution of this article for non-commercial, non-sale purposes only, provided the following conditions are met: the author of the article is clearly identified; Answers in Genesis is acknowledged as the copyright owner; Answers Research Journal and its website, www.answersresearchjournal.org, are acknowledged as the publication source; and the integrity of the work is not compromised in any way. For more information write to: Answers in Genesis, PO Box 510, Hebron, KY 41048, Attn: Editor, Answers Research Journal. The views expressed are those of the writer(s) and not necessarily those of the Answers Research Journal Editor or of Answers in Genesis. 62 J. Bergman Darwin celebrations—due to the fact that Darwin’s was originally scheduled to run only to April 14; book The Origin of Species was published in 1859, or however, with the reviews having been favorable and 150 years ago. A large number of Darwin celebrations the attendance large, the run has been extended. On have included showings of the 1960 movie and/or the Thursday evening I attended, the 1081-seat house productions of the play. Of note is that the United was full, with Scott receiving a standing ovation Artist marketing department timed their 1960 during his curtain call. I much preferred this stage release of the movie with the 1959 celebrations of production to the film representations and heartily the 100th anniversary of the publication of Darwin’s recommend the experience to all (Alters 1995, Origins book. p. 34). The influence of both the play and film was enormous, The Play Opens but the film was more effective in leaving people with The three act blockbuster play, written by Jerome the impression that Bryan, and by extension, all Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, first opened on January Christians, are uneducated ignorant bumpkins. The 10, 1955 in Dallas, Texas with local unknown actors, play, though, gives information not found in the film then on Broadway in April 1955 with well-known because the script used to produce the play provides actors. When the Broadway run ended in 1957, explicit instructions about scenery, backdrops, and Inherit the Wind was one of the most successful and how actors are to express themselves—and as a result longest running dramas in American history. It had the author’s intent is more readily discerned. 806 performances from April 1955 to June 1957 Movies, though, have the clear advantage of alone, and it is still playing in various cities around portability—they can be shown in schools, homes, the world. churches and community groups. A play requires One reason for the play’s success was because a lot more work and finances to produce. That both the Academy Award winner George C. Scott played have won awards lends credibility to the effectiveness the role of Scopes lead attorney Clarence Darrow. of the production and motivates new showings and The play’s run was extended partly because Scott productions. Critics of the play, who had hoped that caused a delay in the play’s opening, and the play the film version would correct the “many errors” in closed prematurely because Scott became ill and was the play, were very disappointed and, if anything, it then facing a sexual-harassment lawsuit (Arena and was worse (Goette 1991). Kennedy 1996, p. 1). The play was later made into a movie for both The Play is Fiction television and the big screen. The success and Most viewers assume that the popular play/movie reputation of theatrical and movie productions are tells the true story of the famous 1925 anti-evolution often based on the actors involved, and the actors trial involving teacher John Scopes (Larson 1997). For in Inherit the Wind include such well-known film example, one review described the play as follows: stars as George C. Scott, Jack Lemon, Tony Randall, Although the events of the play “Inherit the Wind” Spencer Tracy, Kirk Douglas, Gene Kelly, Darren took place in the early part of the 20th century, the McGavin, Jason Robards, Abe Vigoda, Paul Muni, conflict between logic and emotion is just as timely and Ed Begley. The movie was also premiered at both today as it was during the famous Scopes trial in the 1960 International Berlin Film Festival and in 1925. The names of the characters have been changed London, before being shown in the United States. but events follow closely the story of a teacher who Releases in seven other European countries soon was jailed for teaching evolution (Flint 1994). followed the U.S. release. In fact, Inherit the Wind is a distortion of most all The first movie was released in 1960 and starred of the actual events and characters involved in the Spencer Tracy as Darrow and Gene Kelly as Mencken. Scopes Trial. The play openly mocks theism, religion, The two-hours long black and white production was the South, William Jennings Bryan, and even also the world’s first airline in-flight movie. The religious pluralism. movie garnered four Academy Award nominations, Among the play’s misleading or openly wrong including best actor (Spencer Tracy). At least four claims includes intentionally casting Bryan as an made-for-television productions were also completed.