FOOD INSECURITY AS A DISASTER RISK AMONG RURAL HOUSEHOLDS OF ZUWAY DUGDA WOREDA, ARSI ZONE, ETHIOPIA M.A Thesis BY: FISSEHA SHENKUTE ADAMA, ETHIOPIA AUGUST, 2017 1 FOOD INSECURITY AS A DISASTER RISK AMONG RURAL HOUSEHOLDS OF ZUWAY DUGDA WOREDA, ARSI ZONE, EHIOPIA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND LAW DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER’S OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SPECIALIZATION IN EVIRONMENTAL DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT ADAMA, ETHIOPIA AUGUST, 2017 2 DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis manuscript to my families who played indispensable role and nursing me with affection and love and for their dedicated partnership in the success of my life. i 3 Declaration I, Fisseha Shenkute Manneggerew, do hereby declare to Adama Science and Technology University, School of Graduate Studies that this thesis is a product of my original research work, and it has not been submitted to any other university for any academic degree. Any materials and information in a report other than my own are duly acknowledged. Name: Fisseha Shenkute Manneggerew Signature: _____________________ Date of submission: August, 2017 Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Adama Science and Technology University 4ii 5 Biographical sketch The author was born in September, 1988 in Zuway Dugda Woreda particularly in Ogolcho (Abura) town, Arsi Zone of Oromia Regional State. He attended his elementary and junior secondary education at Ketar fuafuate and transferred to Asela Senior Secondary School to continue his study where he finally finished his preparatory education. In October, 2006, he joined Bahirdar University and graduated with B.A degree in Pedagogical Science composite Geography in July 2008. Soon after his graduation, he was employed in Bilo Secondary and Preparatory School in east Welega Zone of Oromia Regional State for four years. He was then transferred to Digalu Secondary School in Digalu and Tijo Woreda in Arsi Zone and worked for three years. He also later was transferred to Sagure Preparatory School in Digalu and Tijo Woreda in Arsi Zone. After graduation of B.A by Pedagogical Science composite Geography in 2006, he had been joined Adama Science and Technological University after six year later to pursue his graduate studies for M.A degree in Environmental Disaster Risk Management. iii 6 Acknowledgements I have no words to express my deepest sense of gratitude to Almighty God, the Most Merciful, and the Beneficent, who bestowed upon me the courage and helped me complete this research and who made all my way comfortable and did everything to me in the past and who keeps doing so in the future too. I offer my sincerest gratitude to my advisor, Dr.Messay Mulugeta, who has supported me throughout my study with his patience guidance, encouragement and advice. Great thanks to Gadisa Shume, Getu Shiferaw and Gashaw Tasaw for their guidance and friendly advice. I would also like to thank my family for supporting me financially and spiritually throughout my study. Especially, I would like to address my appreciation to my beloved mother, Yeshi Bayana , my sisters Egegayew and Zintalem and my brother Kefelegn and Teshome for their deep motivation and supports. I am indebted to my colleagues, especially Mulugeta Habte,Askale, Sarawit Tefera, Abdane , Abiyot Nurlgn , Daraje Girma ,Oumer Ibrahim , Mazgabu Haylu and Makdes Leta. Lastly, but not least, my appreciation goes to Zuway Dugda Woreda Agricultural Development Office, Zuway Dugda Woreda Safety Net Agent, Development Agents of the Woreda workers of these organization who assisted me during data collection and Tatek Degefu the manager of Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Office. iv 7 Contents page Dedication ........................................................................................................................... i Declaration………………………………………………………………………………..……….ii Biographical Sketch ............................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. iv Table of Content ................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ix List of Table in the Appendix ............................................................................................. x Acronyms and Abbreviation ............................................................................................... xi Abstract ............................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study ............................................................................................. 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................. 3 1.3. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................ 4 1.3.1. General Objective ................................................................................................. 4 1.3.2. Specific Objectives ............................................................................................... 4 1.4. Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 5 1.5. Significance of the Study ............................................................................................. 5 1. 6.Scope of the Study ....................................................................................................... 5 1.7. Limitation of the Study ................................................................................................ 6 1.8. Organization of the Thesis ........................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURES 2.1. Concept of Food Security ............................................................................................ 7 2.2.Measurement and Indicators of Food Insecurity .......................................................... 10 2.3. Food Security Situation in Ethiopia ............................................................................. 12 2.4. Causes of Food Insecurity in Ethiopia ......................................................................... 14 2.5. Coping Strategies of food insecurity Practiced in Ethiopia ........................................ 16 2.6. Empirical Studies on Food Security ............................................................................ 17 2.6.1. Studies on Food insecurity .................................................................................... 18 2.7. Literature Gap……………………………………………………….20 2.8. Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................... 20 2.9. Theoretical Orientation ................................................................................................ 22 v8 CHAPTER THREE: THE STUDY AREA, METHODS AND MATERIALS 3.1. Description of the Study Area ...................................................................................... 25 3.1.1. Location of the Study Area .................................................................................... 25 3.1.2. Climate Conditions ................................................................................................ 27 3.1.3. Demographic Characteristics ................................................................................. 27 3.1.4. Infrastructures and Service .................................................................................... 28 3.1.5. Agricultural Production ......................................................................................... 28 3.1.6. Vegetation Characteristics ..................................................................................... 29 3.2. Research Methods an Materials……………………………………......30 3.2. 1. Study Population .................................................................................................. 30 3.2. 2. Research Design................................................................................................... 30 3. 2.3.Data Type and Source ........................................................................................... 31 3. 2.4. Sample Size and Sampling Techniques ............................................................... 32 3. 2.5.Tools of Data Collection ....................................................................................... 33 3. 2.6.Techniques of Data Analysis ................................................................................ 35 3.2.7. Definition of Variables ......................................................................................... 38 3.2.8. Validity and Reliability of the Data ...................................................................... 42 3.2.9. Ethical Consideration ............................................................................................ 44 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics