NATIONAL TECHNICAL DOCUMENT FOR ESTABLISHING CARTOGRAPHIC BASE IN INDIA Generation of Large Scale (1:10,000; 1:2,000 & Lesser) Maps for Disaster Management and Planning March 2016 National Disaster Management Authority Government of India CONTENTS Table of Contents Foreword i Preface ii Acknowledgement iii Table of Contents iv-vii List of Figures and Tables viii-ix Abbreviations x-xii Glossary of Terms xiii-xv Generation of National Topographic Database (NTDB) For 1:10,000; 1:2,000 & 1 1 Lesser Scale 1.1 Mapping at 1:10,000; 1:2,000 & Lesser Scale 2 1.2 NTDB on 1:10,000; 1:2,000 & Lesser Scale- A National Need 2 2 Geographical Information System for Disaster Management 3 2.1 GIS in Different Phases of Disaster Management 3-6 2.2 GIS database for Disaster Management 7-8 2.3 Scope for developing a GIS database for Disaster Management 8 2.4 Projection System 8 2.5 Positional Accuracy 8 2.6 Technology 8 2.7 Functional Requirements for Database Management 8-9 3 Critical Facilities Mapping (CFM) 10 3.1 Defining Critical Facilities for Mapping 10-11 4 Geo-referencing of Satellite Imagery 12-13 Technology for 1:10,000 Scale Mapping 14 5 Various Methodologies Available for Preparing Maps of Scale1:10,000 from 15 Images 5.1 Satellite Imaging 15 5.2 Aerial Photography 15 5.3 Comparison Between Satellite Imaging and Aerial Mapping 16 5.3.1 General Differences 16 5.3.2 Comparison of Accuracy of Imaging 17-18 5.4 Comparison of Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) for Satellite Imaging and 18-19 Aerial Photogrammetry 5.5 Aerial Mapping 20 5.5.1 Map Checking 20 5.5.2 Map Accuracy 20 5.6 Methodology for Map Generation 21 5.6.1 Data Package 21-22 6 Technical Details of Major Satellites Used for Procurement of 1:10,000 Images 23 6.1 Available Sensor Resolutions in Satellite Mapping 23 6.2 Technical Details of Indian Satellites 23 6.2.1 Resourcesat-1 23 6.2.2 Cartosat-1 26 6.2.3 Cartosat-2 28 6.3 Technical Details of International Satellites 30 6.3.1 Quickbird 30 iv CONTENTS 6.3.2 Geoeye- 1 31 6.3.3 Ikonos 31 6.3.4 Worldview- 1 32 6.3.5 Worldview- 2 33 6.3.6 Rapid Eye 33 7 Required Accuracies 34 7.1 Topographic Mapping Standards 34-41 Technology for 1:2,000 and Lesser (1:500, 1:300 & 1:200) Scale Mapping 42 ALS Methodology for Procurement of 1:2000 Images for Generating Critical 8 43 Facilities Maps (CFM) 8.1 Airborne Laser Scanning 43 8.2 Comparison between Airborne Laser Scanning and Aerial Photogrammetry 44 8.3 Technical Details of Airborne Laser Scanning 45 8.3.1 Accuracy / Precision 45 8.3.2 Resolution 45 8.3.3 Ground Support 45 8.3.4 Data Acquisition 45 8.3.5 Timing 45 8.3.6 Data Format / Classification 46 8.3.7 Penetration 46 8.3.8 Imagery 46 8.4 Cost of Imaging Through ALS 46-47 LIDAR Based Aerial Photogrammetry for Procurement of 1:2000 Images for 9 48 Generating Critical Facilities Maps (CFM) 9.1 Photography for Planning Purposes (Over Flights) 48 9.2 Color and Infrared Photography 48 9.3 Special Aerial Photography (Accident Studies, Flood and Earthquake Damage) 48 9.4 Highway Inventory Photography 49 9.5 Mosaicing of Images 49 9.6 Aero-triangulation 49 9.7 Topographic Mapping 50 9.8 Digital Map Types 50 9.9 Digital Terrain Models 50 9.10 3-D Direct Digital Mapping 51 9.11 Structures Site Maps 52 9.12 Photogrammetric Terrain Line Interpolation 52 9.13 Technology Update for Aerial Photography 53 5.13.1 GNSS-Aided Inertial Navigation for Aerial Photography 53-54 Mapping Quality Control in Aerial Mapping for Preparing of 1:2000 Images for 10 55 Generating Critical Facilities Maps (CFM) 10.1 Map Checking 55 10.2 Map Accuracy 55 10.3 Methodology for Map Generation 56 10.3.1 Data Package 56-57 Land-Based Vehicle Mounted Precision Mapping System for Preparing of Images 11 58 of Scale 1:2000 & Lesser Scale for Generating Critical Facilities Maps (CFM) 11.1 Airborne mapping 59 11.2 Technology Update for Vehicle Mounted Precision Mapping System 59 11.3 Applicability of Vehicle Mounted Precision System in India 61 11.4 Asset Mapping Using Vehicle Mounted Precision Mapping System 62 Feature Digitizing Methodology in 1:2000 Imaging for Critical Facilities 11.5 63-65 Mapping 12 Key Elements to be Considered for GIS Acquisition& Cost Analysis 66 12.1 Economic Analysis for GIS Acquisition 66 12.1.1 Main Cost Headers 66 v CONTENTS 12.1.2 Selection of Systems and Equipment 67 12.2 Commercial Aspects of Aerial Photogrammetric Components 68 12.2.1 Latest Lidar Based Aerial Survey System Cost 68 12.3 Commercial Aspects of Satellite Mapping 69 12.3.1 Resourcesat-1 High Resolution Satellite Imagery Costs 69 12.3.2 Cartosat-1 High Resolution Satellite Imagery Costs 70 12.3.3 Quickbird High Resolution Satellite Imagery Costs 71 12.3.4 Geoeye-1 High Resolution Satellite Imagery Costs 72 12.3.5 Ikonos High Resolution Satellite Imagery Costs 73 12.3.6 Worldview- 1 High Resolution Satellite Imagery Costs 74 12.3.7 Worldview- 2 High Resolution Satellite Imagery Costs 74 12.3.8 Landsat Imagery Costs 75 13 CONCLUSION 78-80 APPENDICES Appendix-I Approach to Developing a GIS Database for Disaster Management 81 in India 1.1 Data Model 82 1.2 Design of Data Files 83 Appendix-II Ground Control Points in Mapping of Satellite Images 85 2.1 Photogrammetric Ground Control 85 2.1.1 Datum 85 2.1.2 Ground Control Points 85 2.1.3 Targeting Control Points 86 Technology Updates for Acquisition of Ground Control Point for Aerial 2.2 87 Photography 2.2.1 Virtual Reference Stations 87 2.2.2 Data Quality Control in VRS 88 Appendix-III Ministry of Defence Instructions Regarding Aerial Photography 89-103 Appendix-IV Data Model 104 4.1 Settlements and Cultural Details 104 4.2 Hydrography 109 4.3 Ocean Coastline Features 111 4.4 Transportation 112 4.5 Land Cover/ Land Use 114 4.6 Utilities 116 4.7 Government/Administrative/ Forest Boundaries 119 Appendix-V Technical Strength of Survey of India 121 5.1 Procurement of Suitable Satellite Imagery 121 5.2 Provision of Ground Control Points 121 5.3 Densification of Geocentric Geodetic Datum 122 5.4 International Scenario 122 5.5 Establishment of Indian Geodetic Datum 2007(IGD-2008) Strategy 122 5.6 Observation Techniques 123 5.7 Data Sources 123 vi CONTENTS 5.8 Permanent GPS Stations 123 5.9 Continuously Operating Reference Stations in India 124 5.10 GPS Stations at Tidal Observatories 124 5.11 Ground Control Points Library 125 5.12 Design of GCP Library Phase-I Monument: Data Processing and Adjustment 125 5.13 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and Digital Surface Model(DSM) 130 5.14 Orthorectification 132 5.15 Feature Extraction and Data Base Generation 134 5.16 Ground Truthing and Attribute Collection 135 Appendix-VI Possible PPP Model with SOI Under New Map Policy 136-142 ANNEXURES Annexure-I Aerial Mapping - List of Solution Providers 143 1.1 Keystone Aerial Surveys, INC 143 1.2 Optech 143 1.3 Applanix 144 1.4 Leica Geosystems 145 1.5 Fairchild Imaging 145 Annexure-II Ground Control Point Acquisition- List of Solution Providers 147 2.1 Trimble 147 2.2 Topcon 147 2.3 Leica Geosystems 148 2.4 Novatel INC 148 2.5 Sokkia 149 Annexure-III Satellite Imagery- List of Solution Providers 150 3.1 Digital Globe Corporate 150 3.2 National Remote Sensing Center 150 3.3 Geoeye 151 Annexure-IV Topographical Mapping- List of Solution Providers 152-155 vii CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables Generation of National Topographic Database (NTDB) for 1:10,000; 1:2,000 and 1 1 Lesser Scale 2 Geographical Information System for Disaster Management 3 Table 2.1 Phases of Disaster Management 4 Figure 2.1 GIS in Disaster Scenario 6 Table 2.2 Information Required for GIS Database for Disaster Management 7 Table 2.3 Three Tier GIS Database for Disaster Management 7 3 Critical Facilities Mapping (CFM) 11 Various Methodology Available for Preparing Maps of Scale 1:10,000 from 4 15 Images Figure 5.1 Aerial Photography 16 Comparison Between Lidar, High-Resolution Stereo Satellite Image Table 5.1 17 and Aerial Photo Table 5.2 Comparison Between Satellite Imagery and Aerial Photography 18 Comparison Between Satellite Imagery, Aerial Photography and Table 5.3 18 Vehicle Mounted Ground Survey Table 5.4 Comparison of GSD for Satellite Imagery and Aerial Photography 19 Table 5.5 Current Satellite Collection Rate 20 Table 5.6 Details of Data Package 22 5 Technical Details of Major Satellite Imagery for Preparing Maps on Scale 1:10,000 23 Table 6.1 Sensor Resolutions of Various Satellites 23 Table 6.2 Technical Details of Resourcesat-1 24 Table 6.3 Sensor Details of Resourcesat-1 24 Table 6.4 Payload Details of Resourcesat-1 25 Table 6.5 LISS Product Details of Resourcesat-1 26 Table 6.6 AWiFS Product Details of Resourcesat-1 26 Table 6.7 Orbit Details of Cartosat-1 27 Table 6.8 Technical Details of Cartosat-1 27 Table 6.9 Standard Product Details of Cartosat-1 28 Table 6.10 Precision (Ortho) Product Details of Cartosat-1 28 Table 6.11 Technical Details of Cartosat-2 29 Table 6.12 Cartosat-2 Products 30 Table 6.13 Quickbird Details 30 Table 6.14 Geoeye-1 Details 31 Table 6.15 Ikonos Details 32 Table 6.16 Worldview-1 Details 32 Table 6.17 Worldview-2 Details 33 Table 6.18 Rapid Eye Detail 33 6 Required Accuracies 34 Topographic Map Planimetric ( X or Y ) Accuracy (RMSE in meters): Table 7.1 34 for 1:10,000 Scale (ASPRS) Table 7.2 Topographic Map Vertical (Z) Accuracy (MSL Heights) for 1:10,000 34 Scale viii CONTENTS Table 7.3 Thematic Map Standards for 1:10,000 Scale (NNRMS – 2005) 35 Table 7.4 Image Resolution, Mapping Scales, Accuracies and Contour Interval 35 Table 7.5 Comparison of Different Satellite Data 37 ALS Methodology for Procurement of 1:2000 Images for Generating Critical Facilities