The Master Plan and Feasibility Study on the Establishment of an ASEAN RO-RO Shipping Network and Short Sea Shipping FINAL REPORT: Volume 1 9 THE BORNEO EAST-WEST SEA CROSSINGS BETWEEN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA This chapter reports the results of the field survey encompassing two Borneo connected routes. They are (i) the Johor – Sintete route, and (ii) the Tawau – Tarakan – Pantoloan route. Figure 9.1 Location of Surveyed Routes 9.1 Economy and Trade 1) Johor, Malaysia Johor, the southernmost state of Peninsular Malaysia, has a long coastline flanking the Straits of Malacca on its western seaboard and the South China Sea on the east. Known as the "Southern Gateway", Johor is the second largest state (at 19,984 km2) and is also one of the most developed in Peninsular Malaysia. Johor's capital city, Johor Bahru (or “JB” as it is popularly known), is the main administrative center for the state government and a bustling commercial hub. This southernmost Malaysian city sits right next to the national boundary between Malaysia and Singapore where they are connected via the Johor Causeway. Thirty kilometers southwest of Johor Bahru is the Second Link which connects Tanjung Kupang to Tuas in Singapore. Located within the district are the Sultan Ismail International Airport, Johor Causeway, Second Link and the Johor Bahru International Ferry Terminal. Johor's population increased from 3.2 million in 2008 to 3.35 million in 2010 (see Table 9.1). After experiencing a negative 4% growth in 2009, its GRDP at current price recovered in 2010, to MYR20.9 billion. The Per Capita GRDP that year was USD6,499. The services and manufacturing sectors are the main drivers of Johor's economy, contributing 50% and 34%, respectively, to GRDP. The agriculture sector has an 11% share. 9-1 The Master Plan and Feasibility Study on the Establishment of an ASEAN RO-RO Shipping Network and Short Sea Shipping FINAL REPORT: Volume 1 Table 9.1 Socioeconomic Indicators of Johor State, 2008-2010 GRDP at Current Per Capita GRDP Population Year Prices at Current Prices (Million) (MYR Million) (USD) 2008 3.20 20,045 nd 2009 3.30 18,656 nd 2010 3.35 20,911 6,499 Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia The State's major agricultural products are crude palm oil, fruits and vegetables, rubber, fresh and canned pineapple, and coconut. It also produces livestock and various fishery products (e.g., prawns, freshwater and aquarium fish), rocks and minerals, and timber products. The total volume of exports/ imports at the Johor Port does not change much yearly. The average daily volume is about 80,000 MT (see Figure 9.2). Palm oil is a major loaded good, and petroleum, fertilizer and cement are major unloaded goods (see Figure 9.3). Export Import 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: All Ports and Marine Department, Malaysia Figure 9.2 Average Daily Cargo Volume at Johor Port, 2001-2010 (in 000 MT) Palm Oil 29.8% Petroleu m and Palm Oil Fuel Oil 8.7% 16.6% Palm Iron/ Steel Kernel Others 2.8% Waste Others 44.9% 3.6% 53.7% Grains/ Petroleu Cereal m and 3.9% Fuel Oil Chemical/ Chemical/ 9.5% Cement/ Fertilizer Fertilizer Iron/ Steel Clinker 14.0% 2.7% 0.7% 9.1% Loaded Cargo Unloaded Cargo Source: All Ports and Marine Department, Malaysia Figure 9.3 Major Commodities at Johor Port, 2010 (by Weight) Although the number of domestic air passengers coming to Johor Bahru was 1.2 million in 2010, the number of international passengers is very small. Most of the international 9-2 The Master Plan and Feasibility Study on the Establishment of an ASEAN RO-RO Shipping Network and Short Sea Shipping FINAL REPORT: Volume 1 tourists can go to JB by land transportation from Singapore. Many foreign visitors visiting JB are Singaporeans because of the close distance between Singapore and JB. Malaysia is also a very popular destination for Indonesians. The Johor Port Authority (JPA) regulates the operations of ports in four locations, namely (1) the Johor Port at Pasir Gudang, (2) the Tanjung Pelepas Port at Gelang Patah, (3) the Tanjung Belungkor Ferry Terminal at Kota Tinggi, and (4) the Changi Ferry Terminal in Singapore. For the ASEAN RO-RO project, JPA designated the Tanjung Belungkor Ferry Terminal (TBFT) to be connected with Sintete, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. There used to be RO-RO service operations at TBFT from 2001-2006. Now, only passenger ferries operate at the port. The active passenger ferry routes served are the Tanjung Belungkor-Changi Terminal route and Tanjung Belungkor-Batam and Tanjung Pinang routes. There is currently only one ferry operator providing ferry service between CFT and TBFT – a Malaysian company called Limbongan Maju Sdn. Bhd. Limbongan Maju is chartering a vessel from Indo Falcon Travel & Shipping Pte. Ltd., MV Falcon II, which can take maximum 126 passengers. The average load factor per trip is about 24% (based on average 30 passengers per trip from information obtained between the months of May – July 2012, when Limbongan Maju first started operations. There was no ferry service between CFT-TBFT from Jan to mid April). There are 2 and 4 round trips from Tanjung Belukor to Singapore on weekdays and weekends respectively. TBFT is dedicated to passenger services operation. It cannot operate cargo services except for hand-carried cargo limited to 10 kg per passenger. 2) Sintete, West Kalimantan, Indonesia The characters of the east side and west side of Borneo are quite different because the east of Kalimantan in Indonesia has oil resources and is comparatively a rich region while the west of Kalimantan depends mainly on agricultural products. However, both ports in Indonesia need daily consumer products from Malaysia by the export of agricultural products. Sintete Port is located in Sambas Regency, one of the regencies of West Kalimantan province in Indonesia. Sambas is located in the northern part of the province, bounded in the north by Sarawak, Malaysia and Natuna Sea, in the south by Bengkayang Regency and Singkawang City, in the west by Natuna Sea, and in the east by Sarawak and Bengkayang Regency. Sintete is about 200 km north of Pontianak. Its population in 2010 was about 4.4 million (see Table 9.2). Around 11% of the provincial population live in Sambas Regency. Table 9.2 Socioeconomic Indicators of West Kalimantan, 2000-2009 GRDP at Current Per Capita GRDP at Province/ Year Population Prices Current Prices Regency (IDR Billion) (USD)b West Kalimantan 4,016,353 19,319 511 2000 Sambas 454,126 nd nd West Kalimantan 4,042,817 33,869 850 2005 Sambas 476,036a 3,265 696 West Kalimantan 4,393,239 53,866 1,375 2010 Sambas 496,116 5,903 1,334 Notes: a-2003 population of Sambas; b-per capita GRDPs computed at prevailing dollar-rupiah exchange rates during respective years. Source: Statistics of West Kalimantan 9-3 The Master Plan and Feasibility Study on the Establishment of an ASEAN RO-RO Shipping Network and Short Sea Shipping FINAL REPORT: Volume 1 West Kalimantan's economy has been growing at a substantial average rate of 14% a year in the last 10 years. Its GRDP at current prices in 2010 was IDR53.9 trillion, resulting in a Per Capita GRDP of USD1,375. Its economy was dominated by the agricultural sector (26%), trading sector (24%), and processing sector (17%). Its major products include pepper, cocoa, coconut, oil palm, rubber, cloves, coffee, and marine and cultured fish. Its tourism sector focuses on nature- and culture-based tourism. In 2009, over 20,000 visitors mostly from ASEAN countries visited the province. To support its economic activities, there are seven (7) airports and six (6) sea ports in the province. In West Kalimantan, the import/unloading cargo is about 50% larger than the export/loading cargo (see Figure 9.4). Pontianak port is overwhelmingly large compared to other ports in West Kalimantan, therefore Pontianak Port is a hub in this region (see Table 9.3). Export Import 12,000 Domestic Domestic Loading 10,000 Unloading 8,000 8,000 6,000 6,000 4,000 4,000 2,000 2,000 0 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Source: Dinas Perhubungan, Komunikasi dan Informatika West Kalimantan Province Figure 9.4 Average Daily Cargo Volume in West Kalimantan (in MT) Table 9.3 Average Daily Cargo Volume by Port, 2009 (in MT) Overseas Domestic Port Import Export Unloading Loading Sintete 299 87 Ketapang 68 555 Pontianak 233 494 6,111 2,222 Source: Dinas Perhubungan, Komunikasi dan Informatika West Kalimantan Province Sea passenger traffic is going down while air traffic is steadily increasing. This indicates that passengers from/to West Kalimantan are shifting from sea transport to air transport (see Table 9.4). However, the local air network is not enough because the direct demand is not so much and the hub airport of Indonesia is in Jakarta. Table 9.4 Passenger Traffic from/to West Kalimantan, 2005-2009 By Ship (Domestic Passenger) By Aircraft Year Embarkation Disembarkation Departure Arrival Transit 2005 113,235 168,081 614,436 611,591 18,634 2006 99,583 170,659 667,870 653,876 5,687 2007 127,533 154,785 751,277 755,814 5,421 2008 135,153 114,412 753,551 707,520 7,837 2009 128,843 118,607 848,919 838,210 23,865 Source: Ministry of Transport, Indonesia 9-4 The Master Plan and Feasibility Study on the Establishment of an ASEAN RO-RO Shipping Network and Short Sea Shipping FINAL REPORT: Volume 1 With an area of 6,396 km2, Sambas Regency occupies 4% of West Kalimantan's land area.