AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BISON REMAINS FROM THE CODY PALEO- INDIAN SITE OF LAMB SPRING, COLORADO. Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors McCartney, Peter Howard. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 18:32:09 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/274785 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. 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Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 1320867 MCCARTNEY, PETER HOWARD AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BISON REMAINS FROM THE CODY PALEO-INDIAN SITE OF LAMB SPRING, COLORADO THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA M.A. 1983 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BISON REMAINS FROM THE CODY PALEO-INDIAN SITE OF LAMB SPRING, COLORADO by Peter Howard McCartney A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 8 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED; /f- APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: ARTHUR/^w JELINEK /y Date Professor ofC^rthropology ^ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The data for this study were collected during the summer of 1982 and the month of January, 1983 at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Use of the Lamb Spring collection, laboratory space, and facilities was granted by Dennis Stanford, Curator, Smithsonian Instiution, who also served as my sponsoring advisor during my visit to the Smithsonian. Professors Arthur J. Jelinek and Stanley J. Olsen willingly served as my advisory committee during the preparation of this thesis. Their guidance and advice are most appreciated. Travel expenses to Washington, D. C., were partially defrayed by support from the Educational Fund for Archaeology, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona. Funds for computer analysis were also provided by the Department of Anthropology. I wish to extend a special appreciation to Charles and Agnes Glass, Kensington, MD, for their generous hospitality during my stay in Washington. Joe Balicki, Department of Anthropology, Catholic University of America, helped in the collection of some of the data used in this thesis. Keith Kintigh, Arizona State Museum, provided helpful comments and advice on several aspects of the quantitative methods used in the analysis. Margaret Glass, Department of Anthropology, iii University of Arizona, helped in all phases of this research and provided the advice, support, and inspiration needed to see the project to completion. Finally, a special word of gratitude is owed to my parents, Howard and Alice, for whom this thesis is but a small reward for the many years of devoted support and guidance they have given me. Its completion is as much their achievement as it is mine. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vii LIST OF TABLES ix ABSTRACT x 1. INTRODUCTION 1 The Lamb Spring Site 3 Methodology 4 The Lamb Spring Bison Collection 6 2. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION 9 The Bone Bed 12 Bone Orientation 15 Vertical Distribution 17 Horizontal Distribution 21 Summary 28 3. BONE REPRESENTATION AND MODIFICATION 30 Element Representation 31 Bone Modification 44 Foot Elements 44 Scapula 44 Humerus 45 Radius-Ulna 45 Femur 45 Tibia 46 Innominate 47 Spinal Column 47 Rib 48 Skull 48 Mandible 48 The 1961/1962 Sample 49 Summary 49 4. POPULATION ANALYSIS 54 Age Determination 55 Sex Determination 70 Summary 94 v vi Table of Contents—Continued Page 5. CONCLUSION 99 Bison as a Resource In Paleo-Indlan Adaptation 101 The Relevance of Lamb Spring to Paleo-Indlan Archaeology 102 Concluding Remarks 107 LIST OF REFERENCES 108 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Map Showing Bison Bone Distribution Within In the 1980/1981 Excavations Pocket 2. West to East Profile Section showing the Relationship Between the Bison Bone and the Fossil Stream Channel. 13 3. Graphic Representation of Bone Orientaion and Dip Within the Channel Fill 16 4. Scatterplot of Mean Elevation against Bone Density 20 5. Graph Showing Summed Remaining Variance for each Cluster Solution 24 6. Map Showing Spatial Context of Unconstrained Clusters.. 26 7. Graph Showing Mean Element Frequencies for each Unconstrained Cluster 27 8. Bar Graph Showing Percent Representation of the Expected Number of each Element 36 9. Scatterplot of Percent Element Representation against Binford's Modified General Utility Index 40 10. Scatterplot of Percent Element Representation against Bone Density 42 11. Scatterplot of Occlusal Width against Occlusal Length for Ml and M2 Teeth from Mandibles 60 12. Scatterplot of Occlusal Width against Occlusal Length for all Ml and M2 Teeth 61 13. Scatterplot of Enamel Height at the Metaconid against Occlusal Length for all Ml and M2 Teeth 63 14. Histogram Showing Distribution of Width at the Base of the Enamel for Isolated Ml and M2 Teeth 64 vii viii List of Illustrations—Continued Figure Page 15. Histogram Showing Distribution of Enamel Height at The Metaconid for all Ml Teeth 65 16. Graph Showing Distribution of Enamel Height Smoothed by Moving Averages 67 17. Reconstructed Age Distribution for the Casper Site Population 69 18. Scatterplot of Minimum Shaft Width against Maximum Length for Bison bonasus Metacarpals and Metatarsals 84 19. Scatterplot 'of Minimum Shaft Width against Maximum Length for Lamb Spring Metacarpals and Metatarsals... 85 20. Histogram Showing Distribution of Male and Female Metapodials on the First Principal Components 87 21. Scatterplot of Width of the Distal End against Ratio 6 for Lamb Spring Metacarpals 90 22. Scatterplot of Width of the Distal Ends against Ratio 6 for Lamb Spring Metatarsals 91 23. Scatterplot of Minimum Shaft Width against the Ratio of Minimum Shaft Width Over Maximum Length for Lamb Spring Metacarpals 92 24. Scatterplot of Minimum Shaft Width against the Ratio of Minimum Shaft Width Over Maximum Length for Lamb Spring Metatarsals 93 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. One-way Analysis of Variance in Mean Element Elevation 18 2. Nearest Neighbor Statistics for each Element 22 3. Number of Identified Specimens for each Element 32 4. Element Representation for the 1980/1981 Sample 35 5. Description of Measurements Used in Analysis of Metapodials 73 6. Summary Statistics for Lamb Spring Metapodials 76 7. Relevant Values for Principal Components Analysis of Lamb Spring and Bison bonasus Metapodials 79 8. F-Ratios for Seven Variables Used to Describe Sexual Dimorphism in Bison bonasus Metapodials 82 9. Classification Functions for Bison bonasus Male and Female Metapodials 82 10. Breakdown of Lamb Spring Metapodials by Sex and Side... 95 ix ABSTRACT The predominance of faunal remains associated with Paleo- Indian sites has spurred developments in theoretical and methodological frameworks for the extraction and interpretation of cultural information from faunal assemblages. In this study, a number of analytic techniques are applied to a moderately large collection of Bison remains. Using information about the spatial distribution of bone, the representation and modification of skeletal parts, and the population structure of the Bison cohort; the nature, organization, and context of bison procurement and processing activities are reconstructed.