Equine Equine Viruses • Romain Paillot Equine Viruses Edited by Romain Paillot Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Viruses www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Equine Viruses Equine Viruses Special Issue Editor Romain Paillot MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Special Issue Editor Romain Paillot LABEO-UniCaen´ France Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses/special issues/ equine viruses). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03928-320-0 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03928-321-7 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of G. Sutton & C. Thieulent, PhD students (LABEO,´ France). It shows EHV-1 induced cytopathic effect on RK13 cell line culture. c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Romain Paillot Special Issue “Equine Viruses”: Old “Friends” and New Foes? Reprinted from: Viruses 2020, 12, 153, doi:10.3390/v12020153 ..................... 1 Susan J Dennis, Ann E Meyers, Inga I Hitzeroth and Edward P Rybicki African Horse Sickness: A Review of Current Understanding and Vaccine Development Reprinted from: Viruses 2019, 11, 844, doi:10.3390/v11090844 ..................... 5 Sylvie Lecollinet, St´ephane Pronost, Muriel Coulpier, C´ecile Beck, Gaelle Gonzalez, Agn`es Leblond and Pierre Tritz Viral Equine Encephalitis, a Growing Threat to the Horse Population in Europe? Reprinted from: Viruses 2020, 12, 23, doi:10.3390/v12010023 ..................... 29 Silvia Preziuso, Micaela Sgorbini, Paola Marmorini and Vincenzo Cuteri Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 from Italian Horses: Evaluation of the Variability of the ORF30, ORF33, ORF34 and ORF68 Genes Reprinted from: Viruses 2019, 11, 851, doi:10.3390/v11090851 ..................... 59 Gabrielle Sutton, Marie Garvey, Ann Cullinane, Marion Jourdan, Christine Fortier, Peggy Moreau, Marc Foursin, Annick Gryspeerdt, Virginie Maisonnier, Christel Marcillaud-Pitel and et al. Molecular Surveillance of EHV-1 Strains Circulating in France during and after the Major 2009 Outbreak in Normandy Involving Respiratory Infection, Neurological Disorder, and Abortion Reprinted from: Viruses 2019, 11, 916, doi:10.3390/v11100916 ..................... 73 Janice M. Rusnak, Pamela J. Glass, Scott C. Weaver, Carol L. Sabourin, Andrew M. Glenn, William Klimstra, Christopher S. Badorrek, Farooq Nasar and Lucy A. Ward Approach to Strain Selection and the Propagation of Viral Stocks for Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Efficacy Testing under the Animal Rule Reprinted from: Viruses 2019, 11, 807, doi:10.3390/v11090807 ..................... 91 Eda Altan, Yanpeng Li, Gilberto Sabino-Santos Jr, Vorthon Sawaswong, Samantha Barnum, Nicola Pusterla, Xutao Deng and Eric Delwart Viruses in Horses with Neurologic and Respiratory Diseases Reprinted from: Viruses 2019, 11, 942, doi:10.3390/v11100942 .....................115 Marcha Badenhorst, Phebe de Heus, Angelika Auer, Till Rumenapf, ¨ Birthe Tegtmeyer, Jolanta Kolodziejek, Norbert Nowotny, Eike Steinmann and Jessika-M.V. Cavalleri No Evidence of Mosquito Involvement in the Transmission of Equine Hepacivirus (Flaviviridae) in an Epidemiological Survey of Austrian Horses Reprinted from: Viruses 2019, 11, 1014, doi:10.3390/v11111014 ....................127 Stephane Pronost, Christine Fortier, Christel Marcillaud-Pitel, Jackie Tapprest, Marc Foursin, Bertrand Saunier, Pierre-Hugues Pitel, Romain Paillot and Erika S. Hue Further Evidence for in Utero Transmission of Equine Hepacivirus to Foals Reprinted from: Viruses 2019, 11, 1124, doi:10.3390/v11121124 ....................141 v Toni Luise Meister, Birthe Tegtmeyer, Yannick Bruggemann, ¨ Harald Sieme, Karsten Feige, Daniel Todt, Alexander Stang, Jessika-M.V. Cavalleri and Eike Steinmann Characterization of Equine Parvovirus in Thoroughbred Breeding Horses from Germany Reprinted from: Viruses 2019, 11, 965, doi:10.3390/v11100965 .....................153 Ci-Xiu Li, Wei-Shan Chang, Katerina Mitsakos, James Rodger, Edward C. Holmes and Bernard J. Hudson Identification of a Novel Equine Papillomavirus in Semen from a Thoroughbred Stallion with a Penile Lesion Reprinted from: Viruses 2019, 11, 713, doi:10.3390/v11080713 .....................165 Manabu Nemoto, Warren Schofield and Ann Cullinane The First Detection of Equine Coronavirus in Adult Horses and Foals in Ireland Reprinted from: Viruses 2019, 11, 946, doi:10.3390/v11100946 .....................173 Shan Zhao, Constance Smits, Nancy Schuurman, Samantha Barnum, Nicola Pusterla, Frank van Kuppeveld, Berend-Jan Bosch, Kees van Maanen and Herman Egberink Development and Validation of a S1 Protein-Based ELISA for the Specific Detection of Antibodies against Equine Coronavirus Reprinted from: Viruses 2019, 11, 1109, doi:10.3390/v11121109 ....................181 Helena Back, John Weld, Cathal Walsh and Ann Cullinane Equine Rhinitis A Virus Infection in Thoroughbred Racehorses—A Putative Role in Poor Performance? Reprinted from: Viruses 2019, 11, 963, doi:10.3390/v11100963 .....................193 Urooj Fatima, Zhenyu Zhang, Haili Zhang, Xue-Feng Wang, Ling Xu, Xiaoyu Chu, Shuang Ji and Xiaojun Wang Equine Mx1 Restricts Influenza A Virus Replication by Targeting at Distinct Site of its Nucleoprotein Reprinted from: Viruses 2019, 11, 1114, doi:10.3390/v11121114 ....................201 vi About the Special Issue Editor Romain Paillot, dEPHE, PhD, HDR. Dr. Paillot’s main research looks at equine immunity and equine respiratory pathogens (EIV, EHV, and streptococci). His work aims to improve our understanding of immunity induced by pathogens during infection and by vaccination. His research also seeks to elucidate specific mechanisms used by pathogens to evade or deregulate the equine immune response (primarily streptococcal superantigens). Dr. Paillot is strongly involved with veterinary vaccine manufacturers in the evaluation of equine influenza vaccines. Dr. Paillot’s research career began in 1995 in the field of transplantation immunology. He studied the immunosuppressive drug methotrexate and described a new mechanism of action. From 1998 to 2004, he worked in the discovery research department for a veterinary vaccine manufacturer to develop new immunological assays in several veterinary species. In 2004, he moved to the Animal Health Trust (AHT, United Kingdom) to start a PhD on cell-mediated immunity induced by EIV and EHV-1. He held the position of Immunology Team Leader in the department of infectious diseases at the AHT from 2007 to 2012. His work focused on immunity and protection induced by several modern equine vaccines, and he was strongly involved with all European veterinary vaccine manufacturers for the evaluation, characterization, and/or registration of equine influenza vaccines and other equine pathogens. In 2013, he developed a collaborative research program between the U2RM unit of the University of Caen Basse-Normandie, the Frank Duncombe Laboratory, and the AHT in order to investigate poor response in the field to equine influenza vaccination (Chair of Excellence, Equine Immunology). In 2016, he was awarded a French Habilitation to Direct Research (HDR, Higher Doctorate D.Sc/Habilitation equivalent) from Normandy University. Since February 2018, he has been in charge of the Equine Health Department for LABEO´ (Research Division, formerly Frank Duncombe Laboratory) and the Director of CENTAURE (GIS), a cluster for equine research in Normandy. vii ȱ ȱ Editorialȱ SpecialȱIssueȱ“EquineȱViruses”:ȱOldȱ“Friends”ȱandȱ NewȱFoes?ȱ RomainȱPaillotȱ1,2ȱ 1ȱ LABÉO,ȱEquineȱHealthȱDepartment,ȱResearchȱDivision,ȱ14280ȱSaintȬContest,ȱFrance;ȱ romain.paillot@laboratoireȬlabeo.fr;ȱTel.:ȱ+33激2激3147激1926ȱ 2ȱ NORMANDIEȱUNIV,ȱUNICAEN,ȱBIOTARGEN,ȱ14000ȱCaen,ȱFranceȱ Received:ȱ27ȱJanuaryȱ2020;ȱAccepted:ȱ27ȱJanuaryȱ2020;ȱPublished:ȱ29ȱJanuaryȱ2020ȱ ȱ TheȱFoodȱandȱAgricultureȱOrganizationȱofȱtheȱUnitedȱNationsȱhasȱrecentlyȱestimatedȱthatȱtheȱ worldȱ equidȱ populationȱ exceedsȱ 110ȱ millionȱ (FAOSTATȱ 2017).ȱ Workingȱ equidsȱ (horses,ȱ ponies,ȱ donkeys,ȱ andȱ mules)ȱ remainȱ essentialȱ toȱ ensureȱ theȱ livelihoodȱ ofȱ poorȱ communitiesȱ aroundȱ theȱ world.ȱInȱmanyȱdevelopedȱcountries,ȱtheȱequineȱindustryȱhasȱaȱsignificantȱeconomicalȱweight,ȱwithȱ aroundȱ7ȱmillionȱhorsesȱinȱEuropeȱalone.ȱTheȱcloseȱrelationshipȱbetweenȱhumansȱandȱequids,ȱandȱtheȱ factȱthatȱtheȱathleteȱhorseȱisȱtheȱterrestrialȱmammalȱthatȱtravelsȱtheȱmostȱworldwideȱafterȱhumans,ȱ areȱimportantȱelementsȱtoȱconsiderȱinȱtheȱtransmissionȱofȱpathogensȱandȱdiseases,ȱamongstȱequidsȱ andȱ toȱ otherȱ species.ȱ Theȱ potentialȱ effectȱ ofȱ climateȱ changeȱ onȱ vectorȱ ecologyȱ andȱ vectorȬborneȱ diseasesȱisȱalsoȱofȱconcernȱforȱbothȱhumanȱandȱanimalȱhealth.ȱ WithȱthisȱSpecialȱIssue,ȱwhichȱassemblesȱaȱcollectionȱofȱcommunications,ȱresearchȱarticles,ȱandȱ