HEI-ILO Research Programme on Strengthening Employment in Response to Crises Synthesis Report and Case Studies Volume I Supporting the Private Sector and Social Partners in Response to Conflicts and Natural Disasters International Labour Office Geneva, October 2005 Copyright © International Labour Organization 2005 First published 2005 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to the Publications Bureau (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. 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ILO Supporting the Private Sector and Social Partners in Response to Conflicts and Natural Disasters Geneva, 2005 ISBN 92-2-117962-1 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: [email protected] Visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns Printed in Switzerland Preface This three-volume series results from a joint research programme, “Strengthening Employment in Response to Conflicts and Natural Disasters,” undertaken by the ILO Crisis Response and Reconstruction (ILO/CRISIS) unit and the Programme for the Study of International Organization(s) of the Graduate Institute of International Studies (HEI- GIIS) in Geneva, with the generous support of the Geneva International Academic Network (GIAN-RUIG). This programme conducted research over two years in 14 countries affected by recent crises, aiming to better grasp the socio-economic and employment challenges of responding to crises. It examined best practices, refined approaches and identified new avenues for crisis response. The programme has produced 14 studies and three synthesis reports which are presented in this series. Three thematic axes guided the research. Each volume of this series presents the case studies and synthesis report associated with one of the themes. Volume II discusses livelihoods and coping strategies of vulnerable groups in crisis contexts, while Volume III deals with strengthening early warning systems. This volume discusses support for the private sector and social partners in response to conflicts and natural disasters. In Iraq, researchers conducted a study on the role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in generating income and stimulating development. SMEs, specifically ones with stakeholders of different ethnicities, are also the focus of a study on Macedonia. The role of multinational oil sector enterprises in rebuilding Angola is the topic of the third study. Finally, the last study examines social partner organizations – those representing employers and workers – in the aftermath of the 2003 earthquake in Algeria. A synthesis report cross-analyses the major analytical outputs and recommendations of these studies while examining the overarching theme. iii iv Acknowledgements The coordinators of the HEI-ILO research programme on “Decent Work in Response to Crises” wish to thank the academics and experts on crisis response worldwide who have contributed to this endeavour. This project is included within the programme of the Geneva International Academic Network (RUIG-GIAN), whose generous support has been essential, as has the collaboration of the Network’s staff. A special thanks goes to Randall Harbour of RUIG-GIAN, the driving force behind the HEI-ILO partnership and research programme. The programme coordinators also wish to thank colleagues from the Crisis Response and Reconstruction unit at the ILO (ILO/CRISIS) and the Programme for the Study of International Organization(s) (PSIO) of the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva (HEI). Their support and initiative in devising and managing this programme has enabled its successful completion. In addition, thanks are due to project team members and institutions for providing instrumental guidance in devising the research agenda and in the implementation of field research in the countries covered. The coordinators owe special gratitude to Luca Fedi, seconded by HEI to ILO/CRISIS, who ensured the day-to-day coordination of the project for two years. The country case studies have benefited from the support and commitment of many local non-governmental organisations and associations. A special thanks goes to the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), who completed the Afghanistan case study, and to the United Nations University for the case study on Guatemala. Jeff Crisp of UNHCR was particularly helpful to the programme. The coordinators also wish to acknowledge Cedric Herrel, who edited the material in this volume, and Charles Landow, who helped in the final stages of the project. Finally, the coordinators wish to thank the distinguished researchers and their institutions for completing the case studies and synthesis report in this volume. A full list of authors and institutions appears here: Abu Abbas Altimen – Baghdad Economic Research Center Afghanistan Research and Evaulation Unit Africa Peace Forum Nadya Engler – Bisan Center for Research and Development Patrick Gantès – Centre de Recherches Entreprises et Sociétés Mustapha Hamoumou – international consultant Hector E. Maletta – Universidad del Salvador Jon McLin – international consultant Hélène Morvan – international consultant Ellen Perecman – international consultant Krishna S. Pribadi – Institute for Research and Community Empowerment Adriana Alejandra Ramírez Duplat – Universidad Nacional de Colombia Reid Rossi – international consultant Sharon Rusu – international consultant Slavica Singer – University of Osijek Lana Srzic – Graduate Institute of International Studies (HEI-GIIS) Sanaa Umari – University of Baghdad Juan Carlos Villagran de Leon – United Nations University Takwa Zebulon Suifon – West Africa Early Warning and Response Network Mr. Donato Kiniger-Passigli, ILO Dr. Daniel Warner, HEI-GIIS v vi Table of contents Preface................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ v PART 1: SYNTHESIS REPORT 1. The Private Sector and Social Partners in Crisis Response Jon McLin ............................................................................................................................ 1 PART 2: CASE STUDIES 2. The SME sector in Iraq: A key resource to short-term income generation and longer-term development Sanaa Umari and Abbas Abu Alt imen ................................................................................... 38 3. Promoting multi-ethnic stakeholder small-to-medium enterprises in the Republic of Macedonia Lana Srzic ........................................................................................................................... 98 4. Le rôle du secteur privé de l’extraction pétrolière dans la reconstruction socio-économique en Angola Patrick Gantès.....................................................................................................................138 5. L’implication des partenaires sociaux dans la réponse aux crises : « Le rôle des partenaires sociaux dans la réponse d’urgence et la reconstruction socio-économique suite au séisme du 21 mai 2003 en Algérie. » Mustapha Hamoumou .........................................................................................................161 vii viii The Private Sector and Social Partners in Crisis Response Jon McLin October 2005 1 2 Table of contents Executive summary............................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction