COLD WAR HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1951–1991 FORT RICHARDSON, ALASKA united states army alaska March 2003 CEMML TPS 02-5 The Early Electrification of Anchorage 1 Cold War Historical Context 1951-1991 Fort Richardson, Alaska United States Army Alaska Karen Waddell, MA Prepared by: Center for the Environmental Management of Military Lands Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 90523-1490 Prepared for: Natural Resources Branch U.S. Army Alaska Fort Richardson, AK 99505-6500 March 2003 CEMML TPS 02-5 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................3 1.1 Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................3 1.2 Purpose of Study......................................................................................................................3 1.3 Previous Work .........................................................................................................................3 1.4 Methodology............................................................................................................................4 1.4.1 Historical Context as an Evaluation Tool.....................................................................4 1.4.2 Historical Context as a Planning Tool..........................................................................4 1.4.3 U.S. Army Cold War Standards ...................................................................................5 1.4.4 Background Research and Literature Review ..............................................................7 1.5 Timeline...................................................................................................................................8 1.6 Location ...................................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................11 FORT RICHARDSON, ALASKA – EARLY YEARS THROUGH THE 1940s....................11 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................11 2.2 Fort Richardson in World War II...........................................................................................12 2.3 Post-World War II to 1950 ....................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................................15 FORT RICHARDSON DEVELOPS – 1950s ............................................................................15 3.1 World Situation in the 1950s .................................................................................................15 3.2 Elmendorf Field and Fort Richardson Divide into Two Installations....................................15 3.3 Fort Richardson’s Missions in the 1950s...............................................................................17 3.3.1 Training Activities and Support .................................................................................18 3.3.2 Operational, Ground Air Defense...............................................................................18 3.4 Fort Richardson, Anchorage, and Alaska in the 1950s..........................................................19 3.4.1 Community Relations.................................................................................................19 3.4.2 Transportation.............................................................................................................19 3.4.3 Natural Resources.......................................................................................................19 3.4.4 Statehood ....................................................................................................................20 CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................................21 THE COLD WAR HEATS UP AROUND THE WORLD – 1960s .........................................21 4.1 World Situation in the 1960s .................................................................................................21 4.2 Fort Richardson’s Missions in the 1960s...............................................................................23 4.2.1 Base Operations..........................................................................................................23 4.2.2 Training Activities and Support .................................................................................23 4.2.3 Natural Disaster Assistance........................................................................................25 4.2.4 Recreation...................................................................................................................26 4.2.5 Medical.......................................................................................................................26 4.3 Fort Richardson, Anchorage, and Alaska in the 1960s..........................................................26 CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................................................27 FORT RICHARDSON EVOLVES – 1970s...............................................................................27 5.1 World Situation in the 1970s .................................................................................................27 iii 5.2 Fort Richardson’s Missions in the 1970s...............................................................................27 5.2.1 Base Operations..........................................................................................................27 5.2.2 Air Defense.................................................................................................................29 5.2.3 Training Activities and Support .................................................................................29 5.2.4 Downsizing and Realignment.....................................................................................30 5.2.5 Draft Expires ..............................................................................................................31 5.2.6 Ground Defense..........................................................................................................31 5.3 Fort Richardson, Anchorage, and Alaska in the 1970s..........................................................31 5.3.1 Oil Development ........................................................................................................31 5.3.2 Transportation.............................................................................................................31 5.3.3 Historic Event at Elmendorf AFB ..............................................................................32 CHAPTER 6 .................................................................................................................................33 THE WALL COMES TUMBLING DOWN – 1980s................................................................33 6.1 World Situation in the 1980s .................................................................................................33 6.2 Fort Richardson’s Missions in the 1980s...............................................................................35 6.2.1 Training Activities and Support .................................................................................35 6.3 Alaska and Anchorage in the 1980s.......................................................................................36 6.3.1 Oil Development ........................................................................................................36 6.3.2 National Guard ...........................................................................................................36 6.3.3 Transportation.............................................................................................................37 CHAPTER 7 .................................................................................................................................39 THE COLD WAR ENDS – 1990s...............................................................................................39 7.1 World Situation in the Early 1990s........................................................................................39 7.2 Fort Richardson’s Missions in the Early 1990s .....................................................................39 7.2.1 Ground Defense..........................................................................................................39 7.2.2 Training Activities and Support .................................................................................40 7.3 Fort Richardson, Anchorage, and Alaska in the Early 1990s ................................................40 CHAPTER 8 .................................................................................................................................41 COLD WAR THEMES AND PROPERTY TYPES